Cited by 483Stress Responses and CortisolCognitive Abilities and TestingNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.

Schoofs, Daniela, Preuß, Diana, Wolf, Oliver T.·2008·Psychoneuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004

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Abstract

In contrast to the substantial number of studies investigating the effects of stress on declarative memory, effects of stress on working memory have received less attention. We compared working memory (numerical n-back task with single digits) in 40 men exposed either to psychosocial stress (Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)) or a control condition. Task difficulty was varied using two conditions (2-back vs. 3-back). Salivary cortisol (as a marker of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity) and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA as a marker of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity) were assessed immediately before and three times after the stress or control condition. As expected stress resulted in an increase in cortisol, sAA, and negative affect. Subjects exposed to stress showed significant working memory impairments in both workload conditions. The analysis of variance indicated a main effect of stress for reaction time as well as accuracy. In addition, for reaction time a stress-block interaction occurred. Follow up tests revealed that only during the first block at each level of difficulty performance was significantly impaired by stress. Thus, the effects of stress became smaller the longer the task was performed. Results provide further evidence for impaired working memory after acute stress and illustrate the time course of this phenomenon.

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See all 483

Authors: Schoofs, D., Preuß, D., & Wolf, O. T.
Affiliations: Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
Corresponding author: Wolf, Oliver T.
ORCID: Wolf, Oliver T.
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-06
Volume: 33
Issue: 5
Pages: 643-653
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004
OpenAlex: W2106673407
Semantic Scholar: 87cef5ba5bb29154704cb81de2376ff5360b6a6f
Cited by: 483
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 11.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Universität Bielefeld
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: psychosocial stress, working memory, n-back task, Trier Social Stress Test, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system, negative affect, acute stress, task difficulty, reaction time, cognitive performance
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, alpha-Amylases, Analysis of Variance, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Memory, Memory Disorders, Reaction Time, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors

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Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.

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