The DOI matches its Crossref record; 93 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.
Abstract
In contrast to the substantial number of studies investigating the effects of stress on declarative memory, effects of stress on working memory have received less attention. We compared working memory (numerical n-back task with single digits) in 40 men exposed either to psychosocial stress (Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)) or a control condition. Task difficulty was varied using two conditions (2-back vs. 3-back). Salivary cortisol (as a marker of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity) and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA as a marker of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity) were assessed immediately before and three times after the stress or control condition. As expected stress resulted in an increase in cortisol, sAA, and negative affect. Subjects exposed to stress showed significant working memory impairments in both workload conditions. The analysis of variance indicated a main effect of stress for reaction time as well as accuracy. In addition, for reaction time a stress-block interaction occurred. Follow up tests revealed that only during the first block at each level of difficulty performance was significantly impaired by stress. Thus, the effects of stress became smaller the longer the task was performed. Results provide further evidence for impaired working memory after acute stress and illustrate the time course of this phenomenon.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In humans experimental or pharmacological stress studies have reported inconsistent effects with impairments as well as enhancements being reported [42], [46], [47].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Thus, in the current study we employed a computerized n-back paradigm (2-back version), a well-evaluated sensitive tool to analyze working memory functions [34], [41], [42].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [42]
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119004 · Cited by 6,093
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542 · Cited by 5,688
Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain
McEwen, B. S. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006 · Cited by 5,429 · cited 1×
“Since the physiological stress response seems to modulate prefrontal cortical functions (Fuchs et al., 2006; Diamond et al., 2007; McEwen, 2007) it might be possible that n-back performance is particularly impaired when the task processing strongly occupies the cognitive resources.”
Working memory: Looking back and looking forward
Baddeley, A. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1201 · Cited by 5,200
Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease
de Kloet, E. R., Joëls, M., & Holsboer, F. (2005) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1683 · Cited by 4,621
The Neuropsychological Assessment
Ogden, J. A. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195171358.003.0002 · Cited by 4,382
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Executive functions and self-regulation
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006 · Cited by 1,965
Nater, U. M., & Rohleder, N. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.014 · Cited by 1,370
“…reported sAA increases in response to the TSST in healthy children (Granger et al., 2006), healthy adults (Rohleder et al., 2006a,b; Grillon et al., 2007; Het andWolf, 2007; Payne et al., 2007; Schoofs et al., 2008), postpartummothers (Tu et al., 2006), and adolescents (Gordis et al., 2006, 2008).”
BackgroundDynamic adaptation of large-scale brain networks in response to acute stressors
Hermans, E. J., Henckens, M. J. A. G., Joëls, M., & Fernández, G. (2014) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.03.006 · Cited by 988
Decision making under stress: A selective review
Starcke, K., & Brand, M. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.003 · Cited by 997
Shields, G. S., Sazma, M. A., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038 · Cited by 818
Anxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review.
Moran, T. P. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000051 · Cited by 776
Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test
Allen, A. P., Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005 · Cited by 734
Examining emotion regulation in depression: A review and future directions
Joormann, J., & Stanton, C. H. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.07.007 · Cited by 749
Qin, S., Hermans, E. J., van Marle, H. J. F., Luo, J., & Fernández, G. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.006 · Cited by 675
The impact of anxiety upon cognition: perspectives from human threat of shock studies
Robinson, O. J., Vytal, K., Cornwell, B. R., & Grillon, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00203 · Cited by 613
“In general, firm conclusions are premature, but there is evidence that both translational threat of shock and anxiety disorders promote harm avoidant, loss averse, decisionmaking while dispositional anxiety and speech anxiety inductions promote the opposite pattern.”
BackgroundResultStress prompts habit behavior in humans
Schwabe, L., & Wolf, O. T. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0979-09.2009 · Cited by 606
“These deficits in neuroplasticity are paralleled by impairments in prefrontal cortex-dependent memory functions (Lupien et al., 1999; Roozendaal et al., 2004; Schoofs et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGlucocorticoids and the regulation of memory in health and disease
de Quervain, D. J. ‐., Aerni, A., Schelling, G., & Roozendaal, B. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.03.002 · Cited by 525
“subjects during demanding tasks that require a high level of arousal [12,93,178,198,208].”
Sandi, C. (2013) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1222 · Cited by 580
Stress and memory in humans: twelve years of progress?
Wolf, O. T. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.04.013 · Cited by 456
“For example a growing literature suggests that stress influences working memory, which relies on the prefrontal cortex (Lupien et al., 1999; Oei et al., 2006; Schoofs et al., 2008b ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRoozendaal, B., & McGaugh, J. L. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0026187 · Cited by 445
Neuroendocrine and psychometric evaluation of a placebo version of the ‘Trier Social Stress Test’
Het, S., Rohleder, N., Schoofs, D., Kirschbaum, C., & Wolf, O. T. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.008 · Cited by 423
“In our laboratories we have already started using a standardized placebo version of the TSST (e.g. Kuhlmann et al., 2005; Schoofs et al., 2008).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationLuethi, M. (2008) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.08.005.2008 · Cited by 328
“…on hippocampus- and prefrontal cortex-dependent memory follow an inverted U-shaped function, with moderate stress levels facilitating, while high levels impairing, memory function (Cordero and Sandi, 1998; Del Arco et al., 2007; Sandi and Pinelo-Nava, 2007; Sandi et al., 1997; Selden et al., 1990).”
BackgroundInsomnia and cognitive performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wardle‐Pinkston, S., Slavish, D. C., & Taylor, D. J. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.07.008 · Cited by 320
Schoofs, D., Wolf, O. T., & Smeets, T. (2009) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0016980 · Cited by 269
“These findings together with other recent studies (Oei et al., 2006; Schoofs et al., 2008) indicate that stress impairs performance in demanding WM tasks requiring maintenance and executive processing of information.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationBarsegyan, A., Mackenzie, S. M., Kurose, B. D., McGaugh, J. L., & Roozendaal, B. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1011975107 · Cited by 262
“Importantly, stress and glucocorticoids are known to influence working memory especially under emotionally arousing test conditions, whereas the valence of the information acquired in working memory does not seem to be an important variable (36, 37).”
BackgroundDose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans
Grigoleit, J.-S., Kullmann, J. S., Wolf, O. T., Hammes, F., Wegner, A., Jablonowski, S., Engler, H., Gizewski, E., Oberbeck, R., & Schedlowski, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028330 · Cited by 241
“Thus, in the current study we employed a computerized n-back paradigm (2back version), a well-evaluated sensitive tool to analyze working memory functions [34,41,42].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationEngert, V., Vogel, S., Efanov, S. I., Duchesne, A., Corbo, V., Ali, N., & Pruessner, J. C. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.018 · Cited by 232
“A second limitation is that sampling saliva in two-minute intervals somewhat changed the ‘‘normal’’ procedure of the TSST.”
BackgroundInfluentialPlessow, F., Fischer, R., Kirschbaum, C., & Goschke, T. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00024 · Cited by 260
Interaction between cognition, emotion, and the autonomic nervous system
(2013) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53491-0.00006-7 · Cited by 230
Vandenbroucke, L., Spilt, J. L., Verschueren, K., Piccinin, C., & Baeyens, D. (2017) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654317743200 · Cited by 284
Stevens, A. A., Tappon, S. C., Garg, A., & Fair, D. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030468 · Cited by 212
“psychosocial stress [5], and pharmacological manipulations [6] create intra-individual variability in cognitive performance, such that an individual’s working memory capacity may vary at different times.”
BackgroundGut memories: Towards a cognitive neurobiology of irritable bowel syndrome
Kennedy, P. J., Clarke, G., Quigley, E. M. M., Groeger, J. A., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.001 · Cited by 193
Does stress alter everyday moral decision-making?
Starcke, K., Polzer, C., Wolf, O. T., & Brand, M. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.010 · Cited by 206
“Correlations between endocrine stress responses and neuropsychological functions such as memory have also been found in several studies (e.g. Wolf et al., 2001; Schoofs et al., 2008).”
ResultSelf-citationPrefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease
Girotti, M., Adler, S. M., Bulin, S. E., Fucich, E. A., Paredes, D., & Morilak, D. A. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.004 · Cited by 176
Shields, G. S., Bonner, J. C., & Moons, W. G. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.017 · Cited by 193
Martens, M., Antley, A., Freeman, D. H., Slater, M., Harrison, P. J., & Tunbridge, E. M. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119860156 · Cited by 189
“Everaerd et al., 2006; Gärtner et al., 2014; Luethi et al., 2009; Schoofs et al., 2008), some find a beneficial effect (Cornelisse et al., 2011; Thompson and Morgan, 2013; Weerda et al., 2010) and others no differences ( al’Absi and Hoffman, 2004; Kuhlmann et al., 2005; Smeets et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTime-dependent corticosteroid modulation of prefrontal working memory processing
Henckens, M. J. A. G., van Wingen, G. A., Joëls, M., & Fernández, G. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1019128108 · Cited by 155
Plessow, F., Kiesel, A., & Kirschbaum, C. (2011) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2943-1 · Cited by 164
Chen, Y., Feng, X., Hu, X., Sha, J., Li, B., Zhang, H., & Fan, H. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/4035310 · Cited by 140
“At present, the most reported concern is that acute stress can affect the learning and working memory ability of people and animals [3, 4].”
BackgroundThe role of attention control in complex real-world tasks
Draheim, C., Pak, R., Draheim, A. A., & Engle, R. W. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-021-02052-2 · Cited by 172
Smeets, T., Dziobek, I., & Wolf, O. T. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.01.011 · Cited by 176
“supra) while the no-stress control group completed a non-stressful control task of equal duration (i.e., delivering a speech and performing an undemanding counting task by themselves in an otherwise empty room; see Kuhlmann et al., 2005; Schoofs et al., 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationCornelisse, S., van Stegeren, A. H., & Joëls, M. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.002 · Cited by 133
“Overall, these findings contrast with some (Elzinga and Roelofs, 2005; Oei et al., 2006; Luethi et al., 2008; Schoofs et al., 2008; Schoofs et al., 2009) but are in agreement with other studies on the effects of stress on working memory (Kuhlmann et al., 2005; Duncko et al., 2009; Oei et al., 2009;…”
InfluentialStress-Induced Cortisol Level Elevations Are Associated With Reduced Negative Affect After Stress
Het, S., Schoofs, D., Rohleder, N., & Wolf, O. T. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31823a4a25 · Cited by 146
“With regard to current affective state, the participants in the stress group reported more negative affect after the experimental manipulations, which is again in line with other studies (6,8,16,31).”
ResultSelf-citationHenderson, R. K., Snyder, H. R., Gupta, T., & Banich, M. (2012) · Front. Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00179 · Cited by 129
“Stress is ubiquitous, and previous research suggests it can have both negative (Oei et al., 2006; Schoofs et al., 2008, 2009) and positive (Duncko et al., 2009; Weerda et al., 2010) effects on cognitive function.”
BackgroundGiles, G. E., Mahoney, C. R., Brunyé, T. T., Taylor, H. A., & Kanarek, R. B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113618 · Cited by 141
“They then received instructions for the N-Back Task and completed practice trials.”
MethodResultInfluentialIdentifying Sleep Regulatory Genes Using a Drosophila Model of Insomnia
Seugnet, L., Suzuki, Y., Thimgan, M. S., Donlea, J. M., Gimbel, S. I., Gottschalk, L., Duntley, S. P., & Shaw, P. J. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5629-08.2009 · Cited by 127
“Amylase is not responsive to stress in flies and is only transiently elevated by stress in humans (Takai et al., 2004; Seugnet et al., 2006; Schoofs et al., 2008).”
BackgroundWorking memory is differentially affected by stress in men and women
Schoofs, D., Pabst, S., Brand, M., & Wolf, O. T. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.004 · Cited by 133
Self-citationBudde, H., Voelcker-Rehage, C., Pietrassyk-Kendziorra, S., Machado, S. A. S., Ribeiro, P., & Arafat, A. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.015 · Cited by 125
“…of C a few human studies observed negative effects of high C-level or stress-treatment on working memory (Wolf et al., 2001; Elzinga and Roelofs, 2005; Oei et al., 2006; Schoofs et al., 2008), while mild stress is supposed to result in enhanced working memory performance (Schoofs et al., 2008).”
InfluentialEffects of Acute Laboratory Stress on Executive Functions
Starcke, K., Wiesen, C., Trotzke, P., & Brand, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00461 · Cited by 146
Muehlhan, M., Lueken, U., Wïttchen, H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.09.009 · Cited by 128
“…demonstrated for a wide range of cognitive functions like working memory (Elzinga and Roelofs, 2005; Oei et al., 2006, 2009; Lupien et al., 2007; Schoofs et al., 2008; Weerda et al., 2010), declarative memory (de Quervain et al., 2000, 2003; Buchanan et al., 2006), emotional information…”
BackgroundThe role of working memory in sport
Furley, P., & Memmert, D. (2010) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2010.526238 · Cited by 142
Acute stress affects risk taking but not ambiguity aversion
Buckert, M., Schwieren, C., Kudielka, B. M., & Fiebach, C. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00082 · Cited by 129
“Recent studies also investigated other cognitive functions like working memory (e.g., Schoofs et al., 2008; see also Buckert et al., 2012) and executive functions (e.g., Scholz et al., 2009; Plessow et al., 2012) under acute stress.”
BackgroundInfluentialde Wilde, A., Koot, H. M., & van Lier, P. A. C. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0053-4 · Cited by 139
“Among adults, it was found that psycho-social stress resulted in significant workingmemory impairments (Schoofs et al. 2008).”
BackgroundStress shifts brain activation towards ventral ‘affective’ areas during emotional distraction
Oei, N. Y. L., Veer, I. M., Wolf, O. T., Spinhoven, P., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Elzinga, B. M. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr024 · Cited by 119
“On the one hand, GCs released during (Elzinga and Roelofs, 2005) and after stress (Oei et al., 2006; Schoofs et al., 2008) have been related to reduced WM performance.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationEffects of chronic stress on cognitive function – From neurobiology to intervention
Girotti, M., Bulin, S. E., & Carreno, F. R. (2024) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100670 · Cited by 170
“Thus, some studies reported impairments in working memory after acute stress (Luethi et al., 2008; Schoofs et al. 2008, 2009) or after acute administration of corticosteroids (Lupien et al., 1999).”
Taverniers, J., Ruysseveldt, J. V., Smeets, T., & von Grumbkow, J. (2010) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253891003642394 · Cited by 121
Cognitive Resources Moderate the Relationship Between Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Green Behavior
Langenbach, B. P., Berger, S., Baumgärtner, T., & Knoch, D. (2019) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916519843127 · Cited by 134
Effects of acute psychosocial stress on working memory related brain activity in men
Weerda, R., Muehlhan, M., Wolf, O. T., & Thiel, C. M. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20945 · Cited by 116
“Similar to previous studies [Porcelli et al., 2008; Qin et al., 2009; Schoofs et al., 2008], we found only a weak effect of stress on behavioral measures in the WM task.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationCornelisse, S., Joëls, M., & Smeets, T. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.162 · Cited by 110
Go no-go performance under psychosocial stress: Beneficial effects of implementation intentions
Scholz, U., Marca, R. L., Nater, U. M., Aberle, I., Ehlert, U., Hornung, R., Martin, M., & Kliegel, M. (2008) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.002 · Cited by 104
Stress modulates reinforcement learning in younger and older adults.
Lighthall, N. R., Gorlick, M. A., Schoeke, A., Frank, M. J., & Mather, M. (2012) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0029823 · Cited by 119
“Others have found similar stress-related impairment to working memory tasks without reinforcement (e.g., Schoofs et al., 2008; Schoofs et al., 2009).”
HPA Axis Interactions with Behavioral Systems
Packard, A. E. B., Egan, A. E., & Ulrich‐Lai, Y. M. (2016) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c150042 · Cited by 138
“…have shown that stress or pharmacological manipulations that increase glucocorticoids can impair spatial memory in rodents (32,135,136,422,450, 451,467,596) and humans (349,370,378,448,478,479,537, 590,591), while other studies have found that stress improves working memory performance (607,608).”
Olver, J. S., Pinney, M., Maruff, P., & Norman, T. R. (2015) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2533 · Cited by 114
Atsak, P., Roozendaal, B., & Campolongo, P. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.047 · Cited by 98
Working memory-related frontal theta activity is decreased under acute stress
Gärtner, M., Rohde-Liebenau, L., Grimm, S., & Bajbouj, M. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.009 · Cited by 103
“Consistent with this assumption it has been shown that impairing effects of stress on WM performance are especially strong in a time range in which both stress systems (SNS and HPA) are activated (Elzinga and Roelofs, 2005; Schoofs et al., 2008).”
BackgroundStress reduces use of negative feedback in a feedback-based learning task.
Petzold, A., Plessow, F., Goschke, T., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0018930 · Cited by 103
Working memory and self-regulation
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. (2011) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 97
Stress disrupts context-dependent memoryPreprint
Schwabe, L., Böhringer, A., & Wolf, O. T. (2009) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1257509 · Cited by 95
“…cortex, such as spatial or working memory, are often impaired when stress or cortisol was administered before learning (Lupien et al. 1999; Schwabe et al. 2007; Schoofs et al. 2008; but see also Nater et al. 2007 and Schwabe et al. 2008a for reports of enhanced memory following prelearning stress).”
BackgroundSelf-citationStallman, H. M. (2020) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12465 · Cited by 104
Hydrocortisone reduces emotional distracter interference in working memory
Oei, N. Y. L., Tollenaar, M. S., Spinhoven, P., & Elzinga, B. M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.015 · Cited by 90
“These results are inconsistent with several studies that found WM impairments after stress and GC administration (Lupien et al., 1999; Oei et al., 2006; Schoofs et al., 2008).”
InfluentialRoos, L. E., Knight, E. L., Beauchamp, K. G., Berkman, E. T., Faraday, K., Hyslop, K., & Fisher, P. A. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.03.004 · Cited by 97
Psychosocial stress exposure impairs memory retrieval in children
Quesada, A. A., Wiemers, U. S., Schoofs, D., & Wolf, O. T. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.013 · Cited by 89
“In contrast to our hypothesis and to several (but not all) studies in adults (Elzinga and Roelofs, 2005; Oei et al., 2006; Luethi et al., 2008; Schoofs et al., 2008), no impairments were found on WM.”
MethodResultSelf-citationQin, S., Cousijn, H., Rijpkema, M., Luo, J., Franke, B., Hermans, E. J., & Fernández, G. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00016 · Cited by 83
“, 2008, 2009), particularly when high levels of cortisol and noradrenergic activity occurred concurrently (Elzinga and Roelofs, 2005; Schoofs et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialOccupational stressors and job performance: An updated review and recommendations
Rosen, C. C., Chang, C.-H. D., Djurdjevic, E., & Eatough, E. M. (2010) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-3555(2010)0000008004 · Cited by 89
Gathmann, B., Schulte, F. P., Maderwald, S., Pawlikowski, M., Starcke, K., Schäfer, L. C., Schöler, T., Wolf, O. T., & Brand, M. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3808-6 · Cited by 93
“The fMRI paradigm In the fMRI within-subject design, three different experimental tasks were used: an fMRI version of the original GDT (see description in Brand et al. 2005), the GDT plus a parallel 2-back task (c.f. Starcke et al. 2011), and a single 2-back task (c.f. Schoofs et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationDecomposing the n-back task: An individual differences study using the reference-back paradigm
Rac-Lubashevsky, R., & Kessler, Y. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.013 · Cited by 96
Angelidis, A., Solis, E. C., Lautenbach, F., van der Does, W. A. J., & Putman, P. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210824 · Cited by 100
Impaired hippocampus-dependent and -independent learning in IL-6 deficient mice.
Baier, P. C., May, U., Scheller, J., Rose-John, S., & Schiffelholz, T. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.013 · Cited by 84
Shields, G. S., Moons, W. G., & Slavich, G. M. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1286322 · Cited by 87
“Affective responses to the laboratory task Because stress is known to induce negative affect (e.g. Schoofs et al., 2008), we used a self-report questionnaire assessing negative affect as an additional manipulation check.”
Anticipatory stress interferes with utilitarian moral judgment
Starcke, K., Ludwig, A.-C., & Brand, M. (2012) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500001832 · Cited by 81
TNF-α from hippocampal microglia induces working memory deficits by acute stress in mice
Ohgidani, M., Kato, T. A., Sagata, N., Hayakawa, K., Shimokawa, N., Sato‐Kasai, M., & Kanba, S. (2015) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.022 · Cited by 79
“Thus, the hippocampus is highly sensitive to stress 16 (Kim and Diamond, 2002; Roozendaal et al., 2009), and stress impairs working memory 17 (WM), which is a key hippocampal function in both rodents and humans (Conrad et al., 18 2004; Schoofs et al., 2008).”
Entringer, S., Buß, C., Kumsta, R., Hellhammer, D. H., Wadhwa, P. D., & Wüst, S. (2009) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0016265 · Cited by 79
Schoofs, D., & Wolf, O. T. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.01.008 · Cited by 79
Self-citationParadoxical effects of stress and an executive task on decisions under risk.
Pabst, S., Schoofs, D., Pawlikowski, M., Brand, M., & Wolf, O. T. (2013) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0032334 · Cited by 74
Self-citationHofmann, W., Finkel, E. J., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000020 · Cited by 85
“In line with earlier research from other domains (Kemps et al., 2008; Klein & Boals, 2001; Schmader & Johns, 2003; Schoofs et al., 2008), we suggest that negative, compared with positive, SRS creates relationship worries and distress that intrude into working memory, thus reducing people’s…”
ResultPornographic Picture Processing Interferes with Working Memory Performance
Laier, C., Schulte, F. P., & Brand, M. (2012) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.716873 · Cited by 80
“Comparably to Schoofs, Preuss, and Wolf (2008), each image was shown for 500 milliseconds (ms), followed by an interstimulus interval of 2500 ms.”
MethodShields, G. S., Doty, D., Shields, R. H., Gower, G., Slavich, G. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1380620 · Cited by 71
Acute psychosocial stress effects on memory performance: Relevance of age and sex
Hidalgo, V., Pulopulos, M. M., & Salvador, A. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.11.013 · Cited by 80
Berry, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2011.10.002 · Cited by 79
Stress and memory retrieval in women: No strong impairing effect during the luteal phase.
Schoofs, D., & Wolf, O. T. (2009) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0015625 · Cited by 68
Self-citationCortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men
Merz, C. J., Hermann, A., Stark, R. M., & Wolf, O. T. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst137 · Cited by 69
Self-citationRubin, L. H., Cook, J. Α., Weber, K. M., Cohen, M. H., Martin, E. M., Valcour, V., Milam, J. E., Anastos, K., Young, M., Alden, C. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-015-0331-5 · Cited by 66
“Although previous studies demonstrate that psychosocial stressors impair working memory (Olver et al. 2014; Schoofs et al. 2008), we did not find an association between stress and working memory in the present cohort.”
Ha, U., Lee, Y., Kim, H., Roh, T., Bae, J., Kim, C., & Yoo, H. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2015.2504959 · Cited by 65
“The result shows the increased accuracy for the tasks of the classification results in [20]–[22].”
MethodShields, G. S., Rivers, A. M., Ramey, M. M., Trainor, B. C., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.06.001 · Cited by 72
“We adopt such a definition because laboratory inductions of moderate stress produce a two- to threefold increase in cortisol (e.g., Oei et al., 2006; Preuß and Wolf, 2009; Schoofs et al., 2008; Shields et al., 2017b).”
MethodStress, Coping and Cognitive Deficits in Women After Surgery for Breast Cancer
Reid‐Arndt, S. A., & Cox, C. R. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-011-9274-z · Cited by 69
Williams, T. B., Corbett, J., McMorris, T., Young, J. S., Dicks, M., Ando, S., Thelwell, R., Tipton, M., & Costello, J. T. (2019) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep087647 · Cited by 68
“The second, and slightly slower, response consists of activation of the HPA axis and leads to the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex (e.g. cortisol) (Schoofs et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAffective decision making under uncertainty during a plausible aviation task: An fMRI study
Causse, M., Péran, P., Dehais, F., Caravasso, C. F., Zeffiro, T. A., Sabatini, U., & Pastor, J. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.060 · Cited by 63
Stenfors, C. U. D., Marklund, P., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Theorell, T., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083351 · Cited by 58
“Executive functions like WM and attentional shifting seem to be particularly vulnerable to detrimental effects from both acute [34-39] and chronic [40-44] stress exposures, which may be particularly relevant when considering SCC among individuals in the work force.”
BackgroundDerry, H. M., Reid, M. C., & Prigerson, H. G. (2019) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.2331 · Cited by 61
Stress, Sleep, and Performance on Standardized Tests: Understudied Pathways to the Achievement Gap
Heissel, J. A., Levy, D. J., & Adam, E. K. (2017) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858417713488 · Cited by 74
Control when it counts: Change in executive control under stress predicts depression symptoms.
Quinn, M. E., & Joormann, J. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000089 · Cited by 64
Self-regulation and its failure: The seven deadly threats to self-regulation.
Wagner, D. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2014) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14341-026 · Cited by 66
Influence of acute stress on response inhibition in healthy men: An ERP study
Dierolf, A. M., Fechtner, J., Böhnke, R., Wolf, O. T., & Naumann, E. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12826 · Cited by 63
Self-citationEngert, V., Kok, B. E., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C., Apostolakou, F., Papanastasopoulou, C., Papassotiriou, I., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., et al. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.023 · Cited by 57
Stress & executive functioning: A review considering moderating factors
Plieger, T., & Reuter, M. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107254 · Cited by 73
Metadata
- Authors
- Schoofs, D., Preuß, D., & Wolf, O. T.
- Affiliations
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Wolf, Oliver T.
- ORCID
- Wolf, Oliver T.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 643-653
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2106673407
- Semantic Scholar
- 87cef5ba5bb29154704cb81de2376ff5360b6a6f
- Cited by
- 483
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 11.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Universität Bielefeld
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- psychosocial stress, working memory, n-back task, Trier Social Stress Test, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system, negative affect, acute stress, task difficulty, reaction time, cognitive performance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, alpha-Amylases, Analysis of Variance, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Memory, Memory Disorders, Reaction Time, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
