The effects of a parent-focused intervention for children with a recent diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder on parenting stress and competence

Keen, Deb; Couzens, Donna; Muspratt, Sandy; Rodger, Sylvia

doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.09.009

Cited by 271Family and Disability Support ResearchAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchBehavioral and Psychological Studies

The effects of a parent-focused intervention for children with a recent diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder on parenting stress and competence

Keen, Deb, Couzens, Donna, Muspratt, Sandy, Rodger, Sylvia·2010·Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.09.009

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Other early childhood interventions have led to reductions in parenting stress.
“Given that other early childhood interventions have led to reductions in parenting stress (Keen et al., 2010)”
From Parenting Stress, Child Social Functioning, and Part C Early Intervention in Predominantly Low-Income Families of Children With or at High Risk for Developmental Delay From Minoritized Racial and Ethnic Groups (2023) · cites this paper as Keen et al., 2010
Preserving good parental health and well-being is a precondition for optimal care of children with autism.
“Preserving good parental health and well-being is a precondition for optimal care of children with autism (Keen et al., 2010).”
From Mindfulness Parenting and Childish Play: A Clinical Trial With Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as Keen et al., 2010
Keen et al. (2010) establishes as a precondition for the optimal care of an autistic child the preservation of good mental health and well-being of the parents.
“Keen et al. (2010) establishes as a precondition for the optimal care of an autistic child the preservation of good mental health and well-being of the parents.”
From Mindfulness Parenting and Childish Play: A Clinical Trial With Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as Keen et al. (2010)

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“, 2004), the interventions designed to support this parental group generally assume these mental health problems primarily relate to the practical challenges of parenting a child with autism (Keen, 2010; Tonge, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Although these dropouts did not differ from the participants who completed the program on background and ER measures, it is possible they have differed in other aspects that were not measured in our study, such as parental motivation and competence [81].”
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“There are also a variety of stressors that are not necessarily specific to the child’s behavior, such as limited provision of services at the time of diagnosis, and difficulty understanding the disorder (Keen et al. 2010).”
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“Several research groups have used the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC; Johnston and Mash, 1989) as an outcome measure in early parent-mediated interventions for ASD (e.g. Keen et al., 2010).”
Method
A Review of the Research to Identify the Most Effective Models of Practice in Early Intervention for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
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“Three other measures, the Parenting Sense of Competence (Johnston & Marsh, 1989; Keen et al., 2010; Stuttard et al., 2014; Stuttard et al., 2016), the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (Einfeld & Tonge, 1992; Pillay et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Post-traumatic growth in mothers of children with autism: A phenomenological study
Zhang, W., Yan, T. T., Barriball, K. L., While, A., & Liu, X. H. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313509732 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“This study provides evidence that, despite the extraordinary challenges faced by mothers of children with autism, a number of the sample mothers showed PTG supporting the favourable findings of studies of mothers rearing children with autism in other countries (Kayfitz et al., 2010; Keen et al., 2010; Kuhaneck et al.,…”
Result
A Pilot Study Comparing Tele-therapy and In-Person Therapy: Perspectives from Parent-Mediated Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Hao, Y., Franco, J. H., Sundarrajan, M., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04439-x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Modeling Relations among Coparenting Quality, Autism-Specific Parenting Self-Efficacy, and Parenting Stress in Mothers and Fathers of Children with ASD
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“Although there are tools available for the assessment of PSE, such as the PSOC Scale (see Keen et al., 2010), there are no survey tools designed to assess ASPSE.”
MethodResultInfluential
Autism-specific parenting self-efficacy: An examination of the role of parent-reported intervention involvement, satisfaction with intervention-related training, and caregiver burden
Kurzrok, J., McBride, E. R., & Grossman, R. B. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361321990931 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“…self-efficacy among families with ASD (Karst & Van Hecke, 2012), and those that exist have typically addressed the question in the context of individual, targeted interventions (e.g. Hastings & Symes, 2002; Iadarola et al., 2018; Keen et al., 2010; Kuhn & Carter, 2006; Shochet et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
Enhancing parental well-being and coping through a family-centred short course for Iranian parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder
Samadi, S. A., McConkey, R., & Kelly, G. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311435156 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“This echoes the findings from a study by Keen et al. (2010), which contrasted the provision of selfdirected video-based learning to parents with workshops and home-based professionally led supports.”
Background
Services for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Comparing Rural and Non-Rural Communities
Mello, M. P., Goldman, S. E., Urbano, R. C., & Hodapp, R. M. (2016) · Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/215416471605100404 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Interventions for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Parents: A Systematic Review of Family Outcomes
Miller-Kuhaneck, H., Madonna, S., Novak, A., & Pearson, E. (2015) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2015.017855 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“This group included 1 Level I study, 1 Level II study, and 3 Level III studies and resulted in positive outcomes of improved conﬁdence (Nefdt et al., 2010) and improved efﬁcacy only for those parents with initial low efﬁcacy (Keen et al., 2010).”
The effectiveness of a cross-setting complementary staff- and parent-mediated early intensive behavioral intervention for young children with ASD
Fava, L., Strauß, K., Valeri, G., D’Elia, L., Arima, S., & Vicari, S. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.02.009 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“This result agrees with previous research findings, that stress decreases in parents in low-intensity parent-provided treatment, but increases when parents are involved in high-intensive treatment provision (Brookman-Frazee, 2004; Keen et al., 2010).”
Result
Perceived self-efficacy in parents of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder
Weiss, J. A., Tint, A., Paquette‐Smith, M., & Lunsky, Y. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315586292 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“There is also research with parents of individuals with developmental disorders to suggest that self-efficacy can be enhanced through intervention, translating into improved child, parent and service outcomes (Heller et al., 1999; Keen et al., 2010; Sofronoff and Farbotko, 2002).”
Background
The Effectiveness of a Psychoeducation Intervention delivered via WhatsApp for mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A randomized controlled trial
Hemdi, A., & Daley, D. (2017) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12520 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Family-Mediated Social Communication Interventions for Young Children with Autism
Pacia, C., Holloway, J., Gunning, C., & Lee, H. (2021) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-021-00249-8 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Parents who engage in parent training programs have reported decreases in stress (Keen et al., 2010), improvements in mental health symptoms such as anxiety and depression (Tonge et al., 2006), increases in the amount of parental leisure and recreation time (Koegel et al., 1982), and increased…”
Background
Family therapy for autism spectrum disorders
Spain, D., Sin, J., Paliokosta, E., Furuta, M., Prunty, J. E., Chalder, T., Murphy, D., & Happe, F. G. E. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011894.pub2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Subjective Burden and Depression in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in India: Moderating Effect of Social Support
Singh, P., Ghosh, S., & Nandi, S. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3233-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Protective Factors Against Distress for Caregivers of a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lindsey, R. A., & Barry, T. D. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3372-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Parent-to-parent support among parents of children with autism: A review of the literature
Lee, J. D., Terol, A. K., Yoon, C. D., & Meadan, H. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221146444 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…period that was accompanied by feelings of isolation and loneliness, stressful transitions, and difficulties in managing their home and work responsibilities and making treatment decisions for their child’s needs (Keen et al., 2010; Mandell & Salzer, 2007; Rabba et al., 2019; Watt & Wagner, 2013).”
Background
Recognising the “forgotten man”: Fathers’ experiences in caring for a young child with autism spectrum disorder
Paynter, J. M., Davies, M., & Beamish, W. (2017) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2017.1293235 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A randomized clinical trial of a virtual‐training program for teaching applied‐behavior‐analysis skills to parents of children with autism spectrum disorder
Fisher, W. W., Luczynski, K. C., Blowers, A. P., Vosters, M. E., Pisman, M. D., Craig, A. R., Hood, S. A., Machado, M. A., Lesser, A. D., & Piazza, C. C. (2020) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.778 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Parental involvement in EIBI services can have positive impacts on parents' mental health and well-being (e.g., Keen et al., 2010; Tonge et al., 2006).”
Background
Mind-Mindedness and Stress in Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders
Larkin, F., Hayiou‐Thomas, M. E., Arshad, Z., Leonard, M., Williams, F. J., Katseniou, N., Malouta, R. N., Marshall, C. R. P., Diamantopoulou, M., Tang, E. Y. T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04570-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A video parent-training program for families of children with autism spectrum disorder in Albania
Dai, Y. G., Brennan, L. C., Çomo, A., Hughes-Lika, J., Dumont-Mathieu, T. M., Carcani-Rathwell, I., Minxhozi, O., Aliaj, B., & FEIN, D. A. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.08.008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
What Role for Parental Attributions in Parenting Interventions for Child Conduct Problems? Advances from Research into Practice
Sawrikar, V., & Dadds, M. R. (2017) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-017-0243-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“BPT studies for child conduct problems have indeed found that treatment completion was associated with reductions in problematic parental attributions (e.g. Anastopoulos et al. 1993; Bor et al. 2002; Keen et al. 2010; Pisterman et al. 1992; Sofronoff and Farbotko 2002; Whittingham et al. 2009).”
Background
Parenting a Child with ASD: Comparison of Parenting Style Between ASD, Anxiety, and Typical Development
Ventola, P. E., Lei, J., Paisley, C. A., Lebowitz, E. R., & Silverman, W. K. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3210-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Early Childhood: Birth–5 Years
Clark, G. F., & Kingsley, K. L. (2020) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2020.743001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Finally, a Level II study found that group-based parent training had no signi ﬁ cant effect on parenting self-competence or stress (Keen et al., 2010). delayed across all areas of development.”
Autism diagnosis and screening: Factors to consider in differential diagnosis
Matson, J. L., Beighley, J. S., & Turygin, N. C. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.08.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Parenting Stress and Child Behavior Problems in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Transactional Relations Across Time
Lin, Y.-N., Iao, L.-S., Lee, Y.-H., & Wu, C.-C. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04720-z · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Factors related to parental therapeutic self-efficacy in a parent-mediated intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: A mixed methods study
Russell, K. M., & Ingersoll, B. R. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320974233 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Furthermore, there is evidence that parents who participate in parent-mediated interventions, in which they are taught strategies to help their child develop social communication skills or manage their child’s behavior, experience increases in PSE and concomitant decreases in parenting stress (Keen et al., 2010).”
Background
Symptom Severity, Internalized and Externalized Behavioral and Emotional Problems: Links with Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children Recently Diagnosed with Autism
Mello, C., Rivard, M., Morin, D., Patel, S., & Morin, M. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05131-4 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Response to Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for autism—An umbrella approach to issues critical to treatment individualization
Fava, L., & Strauß, K. (2014) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.05.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Moreover, parental stress decreases in parents who are providing low-intensity treatment, but increases in highintensive treatment provision (Brookman-Frazee, 2004; Keen et al., 2010).”
Background
Father involvement in the care, play, and education of children with autism
Potter, C. A. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2016.1245851 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Feasibility of parent-mediated behavioural intervention for behavioural problems in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Nigeria: a pilot study
Bello-Mojeed, M. A., Ani, C. C., Lagunju, I. A., & Omigbodun, O. O. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-016-0117-4 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“A growing number of studies have demonstrated the benefit of behavioural intervention for challenging behaviour such as aggression in ASD [10, 19, 20].”
Background
What is the impact of autism on mother–child interactions within families with a child with autism spectrum disorder?
Meirsschaut, M., Warreyn, P., & Roeyers, H. (2011) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.217 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Health coaching for parents of children with developmental disabilities: a systematic review
Ogourtsova, T., O’Donnell, M., Silva, W. D. S., & Majnemer, A. (2019) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14206 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Conjoint Behavioral Consultation for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Garbacz, S. A., & McIntyre, L. L. (2015) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000114 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Parent Education Program for Parents of Chinese American Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)
Chiang, H.-M. (2013) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357613504990 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…reported by Mak et al. In addition, previous studies have reported that parent education programs using a group intervention format have resulted in improved parental confidence in parents of children with ASDs (e.g., Keen et al., 2010; Okuno et al., 2011; Sofronoff, Jahnel, & Sanders, 2011).”
Result
Effect of Cognitive Behavior Group Therapy on Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children With Autism
Izadi-Mazidi, M., Riahi, F., & Khajeddin, N. (2015) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.17795/ijpbs-1900 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“(17) and the present study were efficient in decreasing parenting stress, yet the studied interventions were different.”
BackgroundInfluential
Play, Playfulness, and Self-Efficacy: Parental Experiences with Children on the Autism Spectrum
Román‐Oyola, R., Figueroa-Feliciano, V., Torres-Martínez, Y., Torres-Vélez, J., Encarnación-Pizarro, K., Fragoso-Pagán, S., & Torres-Colón, L. (2018) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1155/2018/4636780 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Parental Self-Efficacy and Behavioral Problems in Children with Autism During COVID-19: A Moderated Mediation Model of Parenting Stress and Perceived Social Support
Chen, S. D., Yu, Y., Li, X. K., Chen, S. Q., & Ren, J. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s327377 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Alternative service delivery models for families with a new speech generating device: Perspectives of parents and therapists
Anderson, K. L. M., Balandin, S., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2014) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2014.979876 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Correlates of Attachment Perceptions in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Goodman, S. J., & Glenwick, D. S. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1453-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Development of Emotion Self-Regulation Among Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Parents
Laurent, A. C., & Gorman, K. S. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3430-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Problem-solving skills training for mothers of children recently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot feasibility study
Nguyen, C. T., Fairclough, D. L., & Noll, R. B. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314567134 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In addition, PSST aims to be as convenient as possible for parents in both time and location, possibly making it more accessible to families who do not have the ability to make the travel and time commitment than the two former mentioned interventions for parents of children with ASD, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy…”
Background
Early Childhood Intervention Program Quality: Examining Family-Centered Practice, Parental Self-Efficacy and Child and Family Outcomes
Hughes‐Scholes, C. H., & Gavidia-Payne, S. T. (2019) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-019-00961-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Parent Education for Young Children With Autism and Disruptive Behavior: Response to Active Control Treatment
Bradshaw, J. L., Bearss, K. E., McCracken, C., Smith, T. H., Johnson, C. R., Lecavalier, L., Swiezy, N. B., & Scahill, L. D. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1381913 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Influencing factors on mothers' parenting style of young children at risk for developmental delay in South Korea: The mediating effects of parenting stress
Nam, S. H., & Chun, J. (2013) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.11.008 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Measuring the relationship between the parental Broader Autism Phenotype, parent–child interaction, and children’s progress following parent mediated intervention
Parr, J. R., Gray, L., Wigham, S., McConachie, H., & Couteur, A. S. L. (2015) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.07.006 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Further, parent-mediated interventions improve confidence in 60 parenting abilities as well as impacting upon the child’s targeted behaviour (Keen et al. 2010).”
Background
Development and Acceptability of a New Program for Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Online Parent Training in Early Behavioral Intervention
Dai, Y. G., Thomas, R. P., Brennan, L. C., Helt, M. S., Barton, M. L., Dumont-Mathieu, T. M., & FEIN, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04863-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stressful life events and daily stressors affect awakening cortisol level in midlife mothers of individuals with autism spectrum disorders
Wong, J. D., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Hong, J., Almeida, D. M., & Coe, C. L. (2012) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.688191 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Much of the current autism intervention research is aimed at parents of young children and early adolescents with ASD, the children themselves, or a combination (eg, Keen, Couzens, Muspratt, & Rodger, 2010 ; Landa, Holman, O'Neill, & Stuart, 2011 ; Strauss et al, 2012 ).”
Background
An evaluation of the Cygnet parenting support programme for parents of children with autism spectrum conditions
Stuttard, L., Beresford, B., Clarke, S., Beecham, J. K., & Morris, A. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.12.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This scale is often used to measure parenting competence amongst parents of children with autism (e.g. Estes et al., 2014; Keen et al., 2010; Malow et al., 2014) and has been found to be sensitive to change (Stuttard et al., 2014) Parent-identified goals: During Session 5 (T0 G ), parents…”
Method
A Parent-Mediated Telehealth Program for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Gentile, M., Messineo, L., Guardia, D. L., Arrigo, M., Città, G., Ayala, A., Cusimano, G., Martines, P., Mendolia, G., & Allegra, M. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05482-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“For nearly 20 years, the role and involvement of parents have been officially and repeatedly recognized as a key component in the early treatment of ASD and in improving the quality of life of families of individuals with ASD (Council, 2001; Keen et al., 2010; Tonge et al., 2006).”
Background
ENabling VISions and Growing Expectations (ENVISAGE): Parent reviewers’ perspectives of a co-designed program to support parents raising a child with an early-onset neurodevelopmental disability
Miller, L., Nickson, G., Pozniak, K., Khan, D., Imms, C., Ziviani, J. M., Cross, A., Martens, R., Cavalieros, V., & Rosenbaum, P. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104150 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Giving thanks: findings from a gratitude intervention with mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder.
Timmons, L., & Ekas, N. V. (2018) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.01.008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Parenting Stress of Children with Autistic Disorder
Al-Oran, H. M., & AL‐Sagarat, A. Y. (2016) · OALib · doi:10.4236/oalib.1102791 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“[26] focused on the stress related to the initial time of autism diagnosis.”
Background
Efficacy of focused social and communication intervention practices for young children with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis
Bejarano‐Martín, Á., Canal‐Bedia, R., Magán‐Maganto, M., Fernández-Álvarez, C. J., Jonsdottir, S. L., Sæmundsen, E., Vicente, A. M., Café, C., Rasga, C., Primo, P. G., et al. (2020) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.01.004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Predicting the Outcomes of Parents of Transition-Age Youth or Young Adults with ASD
Wong, V. W., McGrew, J. H., & Ruble, L. A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04362-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Parent Training Interventions to Reduce Challenging Behavior in Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
McIntyre, L. L. (2013) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-401662-0.00008-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mealtime behaviors associated with consumption of unfamiliar foods by young children with autism spectrum disorder
Stough, C. C. O., Gillette, M. L. D., Roberts, M. C., Jorgensen, T. D., & Patton, S. R. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.019 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…interventions have been developed to address parenting stress (e.g., Keen, Couzens, Muspratt, & Rodger, 2010), parenting competency for addressing child problematic behaviors (e.g., Keen et al., 2010; Sofronoff, Leslie, & Brown, 2004), and child social communication (Aldred, Green, & Adams, 2004).”
Mothers’ Depression and Stress, Severity of Autism among Children and Family Income
Athari, P., Ghaedi, L., & Kosnin, A. M. (2013) · International journal of psychological research · doi:10.21500/20112084.691 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Parent–Child Interaction Synchrony for Infants At-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Steiner, A. M., Gengoux, G. W., Smith, A. M., & Chawarska, K. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3624-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Coparenting Competence in Parents of Children with ASD: A Marker of Coparenting Quality
May, C. D., StGeorge, J. M., Fletcher, R. J., Dempsey, I., & Newman, L. K. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3208-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Interventions for Infants and Toddlers at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Rogers, S. J., & Vismara, L. A. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118911389.hautc29 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Challenges and contributors to self-efficacy for caregivers of toddlers with autism
Schertz, H. H., Lester, J. N., Erden, E., Safran, S., & Githens, P. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319899761 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Parent training intervention for autism symptoms, functional emotional development, and parental stress in children with autism disorder: A randomized clinical trial
Akhani, A., Dehghani, M. R., Gharraee, B., & Shooshtari, M. H. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102735 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Parenting Self-Efficacy and Psychological Distress in Parents of Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Almendingen, A., & Pilkington, P. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05939-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…overcome ASD-related difficulties, such as promoting pro - social parent-child interactions and reciprocal communication (Ingersoll et al., 2016 ; Keen et al., 2010) and managing their child’s challenging and disruptive behaviours (Iadarola et al., 2018; Whittingham et al., 2009), reported…”
Autism Spectrum Disorder Identification, Diagnosis, and Navigation of Services: Learning From the Voices of Caregivers
Crais, E. R., McComish, C., Kertcher, E. F., Hooper, S., Pretzel, R. E., Méndez, L. I., & Villalobos, M. (2020) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357620922165 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Siblings of children with autism: Predictors of adjustment
Hesse, T. L., Danko, C. M., & Budd, K. S. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.07.024 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Parent Training Programs for School-Age Children With Autism: A Systematic Review
Black, M. E., & Therrien, W. J. (2017) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/0741932517730645 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In fact, research has shown PT interventions for parents of toddlers and young children with ASD lead to considerable improvements in parents’ stress, self-efficacy, and mental health (Keen et al., 2010; Minjarez et al., 2013; Tonge et al., 2006).”
Background
“More than blowing bubbles”: What parents want from therapists working with children with autism spectrum disorder
Edwards, A., Brebner, C., McCormack, P., & MacDougall, C. (2016) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2015.1112835 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Longitudinal impact of self-stigma content and process on parental warmth and hostility among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder
Chan, K. K. S., Yip, C. C. H., & Leung, D. C. K. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05529-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…3 outcomes associated with parenting stress, practitioners should help these parents develop the capacity to deploy adaptive parenting strategies on stressful parenting days in order to avoid the spillover of negative feelings and emotions from them to their children (Keen et al., 2010).”
Background
The impact of mutual support on Iranian parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder: a longitudinal study
McConkey, R., & Samadi, S. A. (2012) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.707744 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Un programme d’éducation thérapeutique destiné à des parents d’enfant avec un TSA : résultats préliminaires concernant l’efficacité du programme ETAP
Derguy, C., Poumeyreau, M., Pingault, S., & M’Baïlara, K. (2017) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2017.07.004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2012) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Quality of Life and Child’s Autism-Specific Difficulties among Malaysian Main Caregivers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Asahar, S. F., Malek, K. A., & Isa, M. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189861 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In a study by Keen [32], a brief intervention for parents of children with ASD aged 2–4 years whose diagnosis was made within six months consisting of two workshops and twice-weekly home visits showed a significant effect on reducing child-related parenting stress.”
Background
GABA and Glutamate Imbalance in Autism and Their Reversal as Novel Hypothesis for Effective Treatment Strategy
El-Ansary, A. K. (2020) · Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.17759/autdd.2020180306 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mother–father differences in screening for developmental delay in infants and toddlers
Cepanec, M., Lice, K., & Šimleša, S. (2012) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.04.002 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Exploring factors of stress level in parents of children with autistic spectrum disorder
Stanojević, N., Nenadović, V., Fatić, S., & Stokić, M. (2017) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh16-13861 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Our findings corroborate the Davis and Carter (2008) and Hastings et al. (2005) studies, but not the Keen, Couzens, Muspratt and Rodger (2010) which found differences in stress level between mothers and fathers.”
Result
A Pilot Study of the Effects of an Australian Centre-Based Early Intervention Program for Children with Autism
Paynter, J. M. (2012) · The Open Pediatric Medicine Journal · doi:10.2174/1874309901206010007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This measure was used to assess a range of skills in children with autism in previous research [25, 35-37].”
Method
Parents' Perspectives on Tele-AAC Support for Families with a New Speech Generating Device: Results from an Australian Pilot Study
Anderson, K. L. M., Balandin, S., Stancliffe, R. J., & Layfield, C. (2014) · Perspectives on Telepractice · doi:10.1044/teles4.2.52 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Poverty, caregiver depression and stress as predictors of children's externalizing behaviours in a low‐income sample
Henninger, W. R., & Luze, G. J. (2012) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12046 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

The effects of a parent-focused intervention for children with a recent diagnosis of autism specturm disorder on parenting stress and competence
Keen, D., Couzens, D., Muspratt, S., & Rodger, S. (2010) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University)
Self-citation
The role of child, family and intervention characteristics in predicting stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders
Everett, J. R. (2001) · Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Impact of Parent-Delivered Intervention on Parents of Very Young Children with Autism
Estes, A. M., Vismara, L. A., Mercado, C. I., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Elder, L. M., Greenson, J., Lord, C., MUNSON, J. A., Winter, J., Young, G. S., et al. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1874-z · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Are parenting interventions effective in improving parental functioning in parents of children with ASD?: a meta-analysis
Hemdi, A., & Daley, D. (2017) · Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Stress and Sense of Competence in Parent of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Versus Down SyndromePreprint
Claudel-Valentin, S., Lemoine, L., & Tazouti, Y. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5314649

Authors: Keen, D., Couzens, D., Muspratt, S., & Rodger, S.
Affiliations: Griffith University (AU)
The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author: Keen, Deb
ORCID: Keen, Deb
Couzens, Donna
Muspratt, Sandy
Venue: Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-04
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 229-241
ISSN: 1878-0237 (ISSN-L)
1750-9467
DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.09.009
OpenAlex: W2068516442
Cited by: 271
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 8.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Research in Autism (publishedVersion)
Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, parental stress, parenting competence, parent-focused intervention, early diagnosis, toddlers, home visits, professional support, social communication, adaptive behavior, parental self-efficacy, family routines

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The effects of a parent-focused intervention for children with a recent diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder on parenting stress and competence

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