Cognitive and Academic Profiles in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Narrative Review
Open accessAbstract
Background Considerable effort has recently been made to improve the accurate diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP) in childhood and to establish early intervention aiming to improve functional outcome. Besides the visible motor impairments, cognitive abilities are frequently affected but might remain unrecognised in children with mild forms. On the other hand, some severely disabled children with presumed intellectual disabilities might demonstrate normal-range reasoning capacities. Most studies on this topic have emphasized a variety of cognitive profiles (cognitive level) related to the type of cerebral palsy and the underlying brain lesions (biological level). However, little is known at the behavioural level, namely learning skills and educational achievement.Objective This narrative review aimed to discuss cognitive and scholastic skills typically affected in children with CP.Methods Online literature research for studies of cerebral palsy, cognition and academic achievement, extracting all relevant articles regardless of article type.Results In children with CP, intellectual disability is frequent and correlated with the degree of motor impairment and early epilepsy. Speech and language problems are prevalent in all forms of CP and might hamper everyday participation on varying levels depending on the degree of motor disability. Most children with CP have neuropsychological deficits affecting predominantly visuospatial functions, attention, and/or executive functions. These problems relate to academic performance and social participation.Discussion An adequate interdisciplinary follow-up of children with CP requires a sensitization of clinicians to the complex topic of cognitive and academic problems in this population and a better synergy between the medical and educational worlds.
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Academic underachievement is a persistent challenge for many children with cerebral palsy.
“Academic underachievement, related to a combination of intellectual, speech, and neuropsychological problems or deficits, is a persistent challenge for many children with CP”
From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Intellectual disability is frequently seen in those with cerebral palsy.
“intellectual disability (ID) is frequently seen in those with CP [9]”
From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Adaptations of intelligence scales for children with CP are not standardized.
“Caution should be used regarding the results of IQ assessments for children with CP, as adaptations of intelligence scales for this population are not standardized [9].”
From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
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Laporta-Hoyos, O., Pannek, K., Pagnozzi, A. M., Whittingham, K., Wotherspoon, J., Benfer, K., Fiori, S., Ware, R. S., & Boyd, R. N. (2022) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.02.004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research
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- Authors
- Fluss, J., & Lidzba, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Bern (CH)
- ORCID
- Lidzba, Karen
- Venue
- Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 447-456
- ISSN
- 1877-0657 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3007333598
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- cerebral palsy, cognitive profile, academic performance, intellectual disability, neuropsychological deficits, visuospatial ability, attention, executive function, speech and language disorders, motor impairment, epilepsy, social participation (health and rehabilitation), learning skills, multidisciplinary follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Motor Disorders, Cerebral Palsy, Child, Cognition, Humans, Children with Disabilities, Executive Function
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