Academic Skills in Children with Cerebral Palsy and Specific Learning Disorders
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AIM: To investigate the prevalence and clinical manifestations of reading, writing, and mathematics disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP). We explored how the clinical profile of these children differed from those with specific learning disorders (SLDs), taking into account several factors, particularly IQ scores, neuropsychological aspects, and the presence of a visual impairment. METHOD: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 42 children with CP (mean age 9 years 8 months; SD = 2 years 2 months) and 60 children with SLDs (mean age 10 years; SD = 1 year 7 months). Clinical characteristics, neuromotor and cognitive profiles, neuropsychological aspects (speech performance, academic skills, visual attention, phonological awareness, working memory), and signs of visual impairment (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field, oculomotor functions) were assessed. A machine learning approach consisting of a random forest algorithm, where the outcome was the diagnosis and the covariates were the clinical variables collected in the sample, was used for the analyses. RESULTS: About 59% of the children with CP had reading, writing, or mathematics disorders. Children with CP with learning disorders had a low performance IQ, normal phonological awareness, and working memory difficulties, whereas children with SLDs had normal performance IQ, impaired phonological awareness, and mild working memory difficulties. There were no differences in verbal IQ between the two groups. INTERPRETATION: Learning disorders are frequently associated with CP, with different clinical characteristics, compared with SLDs. Assessment of academic skills is mandatory in these children, even if the IQ is normal. At school age, specific interventions to promote academic skills in children with CP could be a major rehabilitative goal. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Reading, writing, and mathematics disorders in cerebral palsy have specific clinical characteristics. Their underlying mechanisms differ from those described in specific learning disorders. Working memory impairment can be considered a hallmark of learning disorders in children with cerebral palsy.
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The presence of learning disorders may be high in children with CP, with over half exhibiting at least one learning disorder and close to 40% having more than one learning disorder.
“The presence of learning disorders may be high in this population, with over half exhibiting at least one learning disorder and close to 40% having more than one learning disorder [38].”
From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
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The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research
Rausch, R., Chahin, S., Miller, C., Dopheide, L., Bovio, N., Harris, A., & Patel, D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14124364 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Micheletti, S., Galli, J., Vezzoli, M., Scaglioni, V., Agostini, S., Calza, S., Merabet, L. B., & Fazzi, E.
- Affiliations
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia (IT)
- University of Brescia (IT)
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (US)
- Corresponding author
- Micheletti, Serena
- Venue
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-11-21
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 778-792
- ISSN
- 0012-1622 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8749
- OpenAlex
- W4388922158
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 2.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- cerebral palsy, specific learning disorders, reading disorders, writing disorders, academic skills, working memory, phonological awareness, visual impairment, IQ, neuropsychological assessment, children
- MeSH terms
- Specific Learning Disorder, Academic Performance, Adolescent, Cerebral Palsy, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Learning Disabilities, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Prospective Studies
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