The importance of owner loans for rebalancing the capital structure of small knowledge-intensive service firms
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the financing behaviors of young and old small knowledge-intensive service (SKIS) firms, giving particular attention to the relationship between owner loans and the level of indebtedness and to the effect of owner loans on rebalancing the capital structure of such firms. Using dynamic panel data, this study used two samples, one with 421 young SKIS firms and another with 1353 old SKIS firms. Based on the findings, the financing behaviors of both the young and old firms closely resembled the predictions of the pecking order theory. However, the young SKIS firms attempted to rebalance their capital structure, being able to renegotiate credit under favorable terms, while the old SKIS firms slowly adjusted, suggesting the presence of high transaction costs. Regarding owner loans, they positively impacted the adjustment speed, with greater magnitude on the old SKIS firms.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(76)90026-x · Cited by 71,491 · see citing works
Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2297968 · Cited by 33,272 · see citing works
Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models
Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00009-8 · Cited by 22,571 · see citing works
Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have
Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(84)90023-0 · Cited by 18,957 · see citing works
Determinants of corporate borrowing
Myers, S. C. (1977) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(77)90015-0 · Cited by 13,169 · see citing works
MYERS, S. C. (1984) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03646.x · Cited by 7,526 · see citing works
What Do We Know about Capital Structure? Some Evidence from International Data
RAJAN, R. G., & ZINGALES, L. (1995) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb05184.x · Cited by 6,538 · see citing works
The Benefits of Lending Relationships: Evidence from Small Business Data
PETERSEN, M. A., & RAJAN, R. G. (1994) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1994.tb04418.x · Cited by 5,440 · see citing works
Informational Asymmetries, Financial Structure, and Financial Intermediation
Leland, H. E., & Pyle, D. H. (1977) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.2307/2326770 · Cited by 3,900 · see citing works
N. Berger, A., & F. Udell, G. (1998) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/s0378-4266(98)00038-7 · Cited by 3,690 · see citing works
Testing Trade-Off and Pecking Order Predictions About Dividends and Debt
Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2002) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/15.1.1 · Cited by 3,397 · see citing works
Optimal capital structure under corporate and personal taxation
DeAngelo, H., & Masulis, R. W. (1980) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(80)90019-7 · Cited by 2,872 · see citing works
Capital structure decisions: Which factors are reliably important?
Frank, M. Z., & Goyal, V. K. (2009) · Financial Management · doi:10.1111/j.1755-053x.2009.01026.x · Cited by 2,859 · see citing works
A STATE‐PREFERENCE MODEL OF OPTIMAL FINANCIAL LEVERAGE
Kraus, A., & Litzenberger, R. H. (1973) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1973.tb01415.x · Cited by 2,599 · see citing works
Partial adjustment toward target capital structures
Flannery, M. J., & Rangan, K. P. (2005) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.03.004 · Cited by 1,989 · see citing works
Hovakimian, A., Opler, T. C., & Titman, S. D. (2001) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.2307/2676195 · Cited by 1,798 · see citing works
Shyam-Sunder, L., & Myers, S. C. (1999) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-405x(98)00051-8 · Cited by 1,756 · see citing works
Reputation Acquisition in Debt Markets
Diamond, D. W. (1989) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261630 · Cited by 1,627 · see citing works
Do Firms Rebalance Their Capital Structures?
Leary, M. T., & Roberts, M. R. (2005) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00811.x · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Do Taxes Affect Corporate Financing Decisions?
MacKie–Mason, J. K. (1990) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1990.tb03724.x · Cited by 1,158 · see citing works
The financing of business start-ups
Cassar, G. (2003) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/s0883-9026(03)00029-6 · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
Oliver, F. R., & Gujarati, D. (1993) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.2307/2982744 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
The Capital Structure Decisions of New Firms
Robb, A., & Robinson, D. T. (2012) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhs072 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Testing Theories of Capital Structure and Estimating the Speed of Adjustment
Huang, R., & Ritter, J. R. (2009) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s0022109009090152 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Ozkan, A. (2001) · Journal of Business Finance & Accounting · doi:10.1111/1468-5957.00370 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Michaelas, N., Chittenden, F., & Poutziouris, P. Z. (1999) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1023/a:1008010724051 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Chittenden, F., Hall, G. C., & Hutchinson, P. J. (1996) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/bf00391976 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
New players in entrepreneurial finance and why they are there
Block, J., Colombo, M. G., Cumming, D. J., et al. (2017) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9826-6 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Determinants of capital structure: new evidence from Spanish panel data
Miguel, A., & Pindado, J. (2001) · Journal of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1016/s0929-1199(00)00020-1 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Cash flows and leverage adjustments
Faulkender, M. W., Flannery, M. J., Hankins, K. W., & Smith, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.10.013 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
BANKRUPTCY, SECURED DEBT, AND OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Scott, J. H. (1977) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03237.x · Cited by 567 · see citing works
A MEAN‐VARIANCE THEORY OF OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND CORPORATE DEBT CAPACITY
Kim, E. H. (1978) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1978.tb03388.x · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Corporate Behavior in Adjusting to Capital Structure and Dividend Targets: An Econometric Study
Jalilvand, A., & Harris, R. S. (1984) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03864.x · Cited by 558 · see citing works
On the Theory of Finance for Privately Held Firms
Ang, J. S. (1992) · The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance · doi:10.57229/2373-1761.1121 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
A MODEL OF CORPORATE FINANCING DECISIONS
Taggart, R. A. (1977) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03348.x · Cited by 468 · see citing works
How SME Uniqueness Affects Capital Structure: Evidence From A 1994–1998 Spanish Data Panel
Sogorb, F. (2005) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-004-6486-8 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Testing trade-off and pecking order theories financing SMEs
López‐Gracia, J., & Sogorb, F. (2008) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-007-9088-4 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
The impact of firm and industry characteristics on small firms’ capital structure
Degryse, H., de Goeij, P., & Kappert, P. (2010) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-010-9281-8 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Small business financing in the UK before and during the current financial crisis
Cowling, M., Liu, W., & Ledger, A. (2012) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242611435516 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
What determines the speed of adjustment to the target capital structure?
Drobetz, W., & Wanzenried, G. (2006) · Applied Financial Economics · doi:10.1080/09603100500426358 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Holmes, S., & Kent, P. F. (1991) · The journal of entrepreneurial finance · doi:10.57229/2373-1761.1118 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
On the Growth of Micro and Small Firms: Evidence from Sweden
Heshmati, A. (2001) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1023/a:1011886128912 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Firm Growth and Liquidity Constraints: A Dynamic Analysis
Oliveira, B., & Fortunato, A. (2006) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-006-0006-y · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Capital Structure Decisions During a Firm's Life Cycle
Rocca, M. L., Rocca, T. L., & Cariola, A. (2009) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-009-9229-z · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Financing technology-based small firms in Europe: what do we know?
Revest, V., & Sapio, A. (2010) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-010-9291-6 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Control Aversion and The Search for External Financing in Swedish SMEs
Berggren, B., Olofsson, C., & Silver, L. (2000) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1023/a:1008153428618 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The Financial Structure of Private Held Belgian Firms
Heyman, D., Deloof, M., & Ooghe, H. (2007) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-006-9031-0 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
An Empirical Approach to the Financial Behaviour of Small and Medium Sized Companies
López‐Gracia, J., & Aybar, C. (2000) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1023/a:1008139518709 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Innovation networks : concepts and challenges in the European perspective
Koschatzky, K., Kulicke, M., & Zenker, A. (2001) · Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Firm size and capital structure: evidence using dynamic panel data
González, V. M., & González, F. (2011) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2011.595690 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Giraudo, E., Giudici, G., & Grilli, L. (2019) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2019.05.010 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
On the adjustment speed of SMEs to their optimal capital structure
Aybar, C., Casino-Martínez, A., & López‐Gracia, J. (2011) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9327-6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Is Age a Determinant of SMEs’ Financing Decisions? Empirical Evidence Using Panel Data Models
Serrasqueiro, Z., & Nunes, P. M. (2011) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00433.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationOino, I., & Ukaegbu, B. (2015) · Research in International Business and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.03.004 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The equity gap and knowledge-based firms
Wilson, N., Wright, M., & Káčer, M. (2018) · Journal of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.12.008 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
SMEs capital structure determinants during severe economic crisis: The case of Greece
Balios, D., Daskalakis, N., Eriotis, N., et al. (2016) · Cogent Economics & Finance · doi:10.1080/23322039.2016.1145535 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Degryse, H., Matthews, K., & Zhao, T. (2018) · Journal of Financial Stability · doi:10.1016/j.jfs.2018.08.006 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Financing Strategies of New Technology-Based Firms: A Comparison of Women-and Men-Owned Firms
Robb, A., & Coleman, S. (2010) · Journal of technology management & innovation · doi:10.4067/s0718-27242010000100003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Serrasqueiro, Z., Armada, M. J. D. R., & Nunes, P. M. (2011) · Service Business · doi:10.1007/s11628-011-0119-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationSmall Business Financing: Differences Between Young and Old Firms
Robb, A. (2002) · The journal of entrepreneurial finance · doi:10.57229/2373-1761.1090 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The influence of cash flow on the speed of adjustment to the optimal capital structure
Dufour, D., Luu, P., & Teller, P. (2017) · Research in International Business and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.132 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Personal Equity Investment and Small Business Financial Difficulties
Carter, R. B., & Auken, H. E. V. (1991) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/104225879101500206 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE CHOICE: NEW EVIDENCE FOR A DYNAMIC TRADEOFF MODEL
Hovakimian, A., Opler, T. C., & Titman, S. D. (2002) · Journal of applied corporate finance · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6622.2002.tb00338.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Drivers of External Equity Funding in Small High-Tech Ventures
Hogan, T., Hutson, E., & Drnevich, P. L. (2016) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12270 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Capital Structure Choices in Technology Firms: Empirical Results from Polish Listed Companies
Kędzior, M., Grabińska, B., Grabiński, K., et al. (2020) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm13090221 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Public subsidies and new ventures’ use of bank loans
Hottenrott, H., Lins, E., & Lutz, E. (2017) · Economics of Innovation and New Technology · doi:10.1080/10438599.2017.1408200 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The impact of monetary policy on the financing behaviour of firms in the Euro area and the UK
de Haan, L. D., & Sterken, E. (2006) · European Journal of Finance · doi:10.1080/13518470500459840 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Does dynamic trade-off theory explain Portuguese SME capital structure decisions?
Sardo, F., & Serrasqueiro, Z. (2017) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-12-2016-0193 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationNunes, P. M., & Serrasqueiro, Z. (2014) · Applied Economics Letters · doi:10.1080/13504851.2014.925041 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationBank Finance For Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises In Sri Lanka: Issues And Policy Reforms
Gamage, P. (2015) · Studies in Business and Economics · doi:10.1515/sbe-2015-0018 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Credit and Capital Formation: Lessons of Mexican Migrant Entrepreneurs in the U.S. Financial Crisis
Corrêa, E., & Girón, A. (2013) · Journal of Economic Issues · doi:10.2753/jei0021-3624470229 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
How SME Uniqueness Affects Capital Structure: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe Panel Data
Mateev, M., & Ivanov, K. (2011) · Quarterly journal of finance and accounting · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Financing technology: an assessment of theory and practice
Scandizzo, P. L. (2005) · International Journal of Technology Management · doi:10.1504/ijtm.2005.006816 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Financing of young knowledge-based companies after the financial crisis: the case of Kazakhstan
Isatayeva, G., Seitova, V., Koptayeva, G. P., et al. (2019) · Journal of Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues · doi:10.9770/jesi.2019.6.3(12 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sardo, F., Serrasqueiro, Z., & Félix, E. (2020) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2020.02.003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationThe importance of small knowledge intensive firms in European countries
Ferraz, D. E., & Pereira, E. T. (2017) · Przedsiębiorczość Międzynarodowa · doi:10.15678/pm.2017.0301.05 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Small Businesses and Small Business Finance during the Financial Crisis and the Great Recession
(2017) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226454108.003.0007 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Digital financial inclusion and quality of economic growth
Xi, W., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19731 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“The transaction cost theory also highlights the notable deficiencies of traditional financial institutions in serving vulnerable groups, such as small and micro enterprises [59,60].”
- Authors
- Sardo, F., Serrasqueiro, Z., & Armada, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Beira Interior (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Serrasqueiro, Zélia
- Venue
- Research in International Business and Finance
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-10
- Volume
- 61
- Pages
- 101657
- ISSN
- 0275-5319 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4224082798
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Research in International Business and Finance (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UIDB/03182/2020, UIDB/04007/2020)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Corporate Finance and Governance
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Working Capital and Financial Performance
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Financial Analysis and Corporate Governance
- Keywords
- capital structure, pecking order theory, debt renegotiation, transaction costs, firm age, financing behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review