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Cited by 267

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review

Open access
Sovacool, Benjamin K., Kester, Johannes, Noel, Lance, Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo·2020·Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Abstract

This study is motivated by the prospect of needing to harness significant flows of investment and finance, along with private sector commitment, towards decarbonizing passenger transport in Europe. It asks: what types of actors and stakeholder groups, business models, and resulting innovation activity systems might vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology create or accelerate? Based primarily on qualitative research interviews and focus groups in five countries—Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and a comprehensive literature review, the study assess stakeholder perceptions of primary and secondary business models for V2G. It identifies at least twelve meaningful stakeholder types and corresponding business markets: automotive manufacturers, battery manufacturers, vehicle owners, energy suppliers, transmission and distribution system operators, fleets, aggregators, mobility-as-a-service providers, renewable electricity independent power providers, public transit operators, secondhand markets and secondary markets. These business models fall into the five clusters of equipment, grid services, aggregation, bundling, and secondary markets. We then examine how these business models differ by innovation activity systems—that is, by content, structure, and governance. We lastly translate these findings into policy recommendations of relevance for all types of countries.

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Metadata

Authors
Sovacool, B. K., Kester, J., Noel, L., & Zarazua de Rubens, G.
Venue
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-10
Volume
131
Pages
109963
ISSN
1364-0321 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3040784910
Cited by
267
References
68
FWCI
10.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109963
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Sovacool, B. K., Kester, J., Noel, L., & Zarazua de Rubens, G. (2020). Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109963

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