A Critical Review on Charging Technologies of Electric Vehicles
Open accessAbstract
The enormous number of automobiles across the world has caused a significant increase in emissions of greenhouse gases, which pose a grave and mounting threat to modern life by escalating global warming and polluting air quality. These adverse effects of climate change have motivated the automotive sector to reform and have pushed the drive towards the transformation to fully electric. Charging time has been identified as one of the key barriers in large-scale applications of Electric Vehicles (EVs). In addition, various challenges are associated with the formulation of a safe charging scheme, which is concerned with appropriate charging converter architecture, with the aim of ensuring a safe charging protocol within a range of 5–10 min. This paper provides a systematic review of thharging technologies and their impacts on battery systems, including charger converter design and associated limitations. Furthermore, the knowledge gap and research directions are provided with regard to the challenges associated with the charger converter architecture design at the systems level.
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EV charging power levels are classified into three types: Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3.
“Three types of power levels exist in the charging process of EVs: Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3.”
From On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review (2024) · cites this paper as [30]
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Dubey, A., & Yadav, A. K. (2026) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestie.2026.3706443
Obe, C. T., Badrudeen, T. U., Apeh, O. O., & Nwulu, N. (2026) · Energy Exploration & Exploitation · doi:10.1177/01445987251406638
When Wolves Manage the Load: Multi-Objective EV Charging in Residential Grids
Rumengan, Y., Wijaya, F. D., Putranto, L. M., & S., M. I. B. (2026) · International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC) · doi:10.23919/ipec-nagasaki2026-ec64663.2026.11597416
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Vinay Kalachari, B. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7344659
Design and Performance Analysis of Coil Structures in Intelligent Wireless Power Transfer Systems
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- Authors
- Shahjalal, M., Shams, T., Tasnim, M. N., Ahmed, M. R., Ahsan, M., & Haider, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Warwick (GB)
- University of Dhaka (BD)
- Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology (BD)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- University of York (GB)
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ahsan, Mominul
- ORCID
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-11-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 8239
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4308579933
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 161
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (acceptedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced DC-DC Converters
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Keywords
- electric vehicle charging, fast charging, battery degradation, charging safety, charging protocols, greenhouse gas emissions, battery systems
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