The DOI matches its Crossref record; 116 of the 116 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 41 of the 168 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Strategies to recover and minimize boil-off losses during liquid hydrogen storage
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review consolidates the definition, causes, and state of the art of boil-off hydrogen (BOH) during liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage and compares three mitigation/recovery pathways: zero boil-off (ZBO), reliquefaction, and compression. It argues that minimizing or recovering BOH is critical for deploying LH2, but that cost, cryogenic compressor availability, and limited performance data remain key barriers.
Key findings
- LH2 offers the highest storage density among physical H2 storage methods, but liquefaction is energy-intensive: it consumes an estimated 30–40% of LH2’s energy content, i.e. 8 MJ/L on a lower heating value basis, and ideally requires about 3.92 kWh/kg LH2 versus 0.31 kWh/kg LNG.
- BOH is caused by heat leakage, ortho-to-para H2 conversion, sloshing, and flashing; spontaneous ortho-to-para conversion alone can vaporize up to 64% of the original LH2. Reported boil-off rates vary widely: NASA’s 3,200 m³ spherical tanks had ~563 kg/day (~0.25%/day), KHI tanks remained below 0.2%, typical spherical vacuum-insulated Dewars range from 0.3–0.5%/day at 50 m³ to ~0.06%/day at 19,000 m³, and some current LH2 tanks may lose 0.3–3%/day.
- ZBO combines passive insulation with active cryocooling; NASA’s ZBO proof-of-concept tests were conducted in 1998 and 2000, and ZBO-related reductions of almost 90% have been reported for liquid oxygen and nitrogen storage.
- Reliquefaction can exploit BOH’s low temperature and para-H2 form: one partial reliquefaction study estimated 3.30 kWh/kg LH2 at a 53 K feed, while another reported 8.8–10.8 kWh/kg LH2 as the reliquefaction-to-generation fraction increased from 10 to 100%.
- Commercial BOH compression at 20 K does not exist; most commercial non-mechanical compressors require preheating because their minimum inlet temperature is above 258 K, except Air Products’ cryogenic compressor. Examples include Linde ionic compressors up to 900 kg/day at 90 MPa and up to 1,344 kg/day at 50 MPa, with energy consumption up to 3.3 kWh/kg H2 and 70 dB noise at 10 m.
Methods
- Design: narrative review covering LH2 storage fundamentals, BOH formation mechanisms, and three recovery/mitigation strategies: ZBO, hydrogen reliquefaction, and hydrogen compression.
- Data/sample: no primary experimental sample; the paper synthesizes prior literature, project reports, and commercial manufacturer data, including tables of conceptual H2 liquefaction plant designs and commercial H2 compressors.
- Main analysis: qualitative and comparative synthesis of reported boil-off rates, liquefaction performance indicators (SEC, EXE), ZBO test outcomes, reliquefaction studies, and compressor specifications.
Limitations
- The paper states that available data on performance indicators such as EXE and SEC of current large-scale liquefaction plants are very limited, and that commercial compressor information is incomplete—e.g., Air Products provides no footprint or power consumption data, and Hystorsys provides no alloy information.
- The paper states that ZBO is sophisticated and currently limited to the spacecraft industry, that BOH compressors operating at 20 K do not exist commercially, and that adsorption compressors are not commercially available and still require more thermal-management sophistication.
- Evident from the text: as a review, it relies on cited studies, simulations, and manufacturer claims rather than primary validation, and several performance figures come from conceptual designs or company brochures rather than independently verified operation.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
70 Own interpretation · 65 No full text of the sources · 24 No basis given · 18 Supported · 17 Sources not found · 14 Partly supported · 10 Not checked yet · 3 Supported so far · 1 Mixed support · 1 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“while spherical tanks with a size between 1,100 and 2,300 m 3 have boil-off rates of less than 0.1 % per day [31,62].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] [31] D. Berstad, S. Gardarsdottir, S. Roussanaly, M. Voldsund, Y. Ishimoto, P. Nekså, Liquid hydrogen as prospective energy carrier: A brief review and discussion of underlying assumptions applied in value chain analysis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 154 (2022) 111772. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111772. - source
Section 3 states that spherical liquid-hydrogen tanks with capacities of 1,100–2,300 m³ have boil-off rates below 0.1% per day. This directly matches the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)
- Not matchedcites [62] [62] L. Decker, Liquid Hydrogen Distribution Technology - HYPER closing seminar, Linde. (2020) 27. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In an attempt to achieve long-term LH2 storage on orbit, the ZBO storage system appears to be a combination of passive insulation technology (i.e., multilayer and cooled shield) and active cooling technology, as described by Plachta et al.[72].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [72] [72] D. Plachta, Hybrid thermal control testing of a cryogenic propellant tank, Adv Cryog Eng. 45 (2000) 465-472. -
The Insulation section describes multilayer insulation covering the tank. The Heat Exchangers section describes copper leaves beneath that insulation that intercept incoming heat and conduct it to the cryocooler; the Cooler On Test section confirms that the cryocooler actively cooled the liquid-hydrogen tank. The paper calls the heat-intercepting components leaves rather than a shield, but the cited description matches the system in substance. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In other words, the ZBO system removes heat entering through the tank walls primarily by radiation, using a submerged finned heat exchanger coupled to the cooler [73].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [73] [73] D. Plachta, Results of an Advanced Development Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Propellant Storage Test, in: 40th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, Virigina, 2004. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-3837. - source
The Introduction states that heat enters the tank walls primarily through radiation and is removed by a submerged fin heat exchanger coupled to the cryocooler. The Heat Removal System section also describes how heat entering the sidewalls is circulated to the fin. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For large propellant tanks in spaceflight, the main challenge is to increase the lift rate to achieve adequate removal of the heat load and, therefore, to achieve ZBO of the cryogen [71].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] [71] D. Plachta, J. Stephens, W. Johnson, M. Zagarola, NASA cryocooler technology developments and goals to achieve zero boil-off and to liquefy cryogenic propellants for space exploration, Cryogenics (Guildf). 94 (2018) 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.07.005. - source
In “Extension to NASA Missions,” the paper identifies increasing cryocooler lift for large flight propellant tanks as the primary issue. Its discussion of tank heat loads and required lift, together with its description of cooling for zero boil-off, supports the paraphrase. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“As a result, a substantial part of the cooling potential associated with gas expansion is lost [107].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [107] [107] H.S. Cao, S. Vanapalli, H.J. Holland, C.H. Vermeer, T. Tirolien, H.J.M. Ter Brake, High-Efficiency Joule-Thomson Cryocoolers Incorporating an Ejector, in: D. Miller, R.G.J. Ross (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Cryocooler Conference, ICC Press, Boulder, CO, USA, 2016: pp. 419-426. https://cryocooler.org/CR19toc (accessed April 5, 2023). -
The Introduction states that, in a normal Joule–Thomson expansion, the gas’s directed kinetic energy is dissipated as heat, canceling out a large amount of its expansion cooling potential. This directly supports the cited paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Another benefit is that the H2 is already in the para isomer form, so catalytic conversion of o- to p-H2 will not be necessary [81].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [81] [81] M. Choi, W. Jung, S. Lee, T. Joung, D. Chang, Thermal Efficiency and Economics of a Boil-Off Hydrogen Re-Liquefaction System Considering the Energy Efficiency Design Index for Liquid Hydrogen Carriers, Energies (Basel). 14 (2021) 4566. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154566. - source
The Introduction states that boil-off hydrogen re-liquefaction does not require an ortho–para conversion process because the liquid hydrogen in the cargo tank has already been converted to para-hydrogen. This directly supports the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“As discussed previously, this reaction is accompanied by heat release, which is greater than the latent heat of vaporization [82-84].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] [82] Y.E. Yuksel, M. Ozturk, I. Dincer, Analysis and assessment of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 11429-11438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.064. - source
- Supportedcites [83] [83] S.Z. Al Ghafri, S. Munro, U. Cardella, T. Funke, W. Notardonato, J.P.M. Trusler, J. Leachman, R. Span, S. Kamiya, G. Pearce, A. Swanger, E.D. Rodriguez, P. Bajada, F. Jiao, K. Peng, A. Siahvashi, M.L. Johns, E.F. May, Hydrogen liquefaction: a review of the fundamental physics, engineering practice and future opportunities, Energy Environ Sci. 15 (2022) 2690-2731. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EE00099G. - source
The Review section states that conversion from normal to para-hydrogen is exothermic, releasing 525 kJ kg⁻¹—more than hydrogen’s enthalpy of vaporisation at its normal boiling point (448 kJ kg⁻¹). This directly supports the attributed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.95)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] [84] L. Yin, Y. Ju, Review on the design and optimization of hydrogen liquefaction processes, Frontiers in Energy. 14 (2020) 530-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708019-0657-4. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“it is estimated that LN2 production for the pre-cooling phase accounts for about 30 % of the energy consumption in H2 liquefaction [128].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [128] [128] L. Van Hoecke, L. Laffineur, R. Campe, P. Perreault, S.W. Verbruggen, S. Lenaerts, Challenges in the use of hydrogen for maritime applications, Energy Environ Sci. 14 (2021) 815-843. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01545h. - source
Section 3.2, “Liquid hydrogen,” describes liquid nitrogen as the coolant in the first cooling steps and estimates that its production uses approximately 30% of the energy required to liquefy hydrogen. The estimate follows an example of the Ingolstadt liquefaction plant; the citing sentence appropriately presents it as an estimate. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Promising results on the implementation of ZBO systems by NASA for liquid storage of oxygen [74] and nitrogen [77] have also been reported with boil-off reductions of almost 90 %.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [74] [74] D.W. Plachta, W.L. Johnson, J.R. Feller, Zero boil-off system testing, Cryogenics (Guildf). 74 (2016) 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2015.10.009. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and LOX ZBO Test Summary report that NASA’s active cooling system eliminated boil-off and maintained tank pressure without venting for 19 days. But the Objectives say the test used liquid nitrogen as a surrogate for liquid oxygen, and the reported 88% reduction was in tank stratification, not boil-off. Thus this source does not substantiate an almost 90% boil-off reduction for stored liquid oxygen. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] [77] D.W. Plachta, J.R. Feller, W.L. Johnson, C. Robinson, Liquid Nitrogen Zero Boil-off Testing, Nasa Technical Publication. NASA/TP-2017-219389. (2017). -
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This can result in substantial energy savings, as it is estimated that LN2 production for the pre-cooling phase accounts for about 30 % of the energy consumption in H2 liquefaction [128].”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [128] [128] L. Van Hoecke, L. Laffineur, R. Campe, P. Perreault, S.W. Verbruggen, S. Lenaerts, Challenges in the use of hydrogen for maritime applications, Energy Environ Sci. 14 (2021) 815-843. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01545h. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.2 (Liquid hydrogen; page not provided) estimates that producing liquid nitrogen accounts for approximately 30% of the energy required to liquefy hydrogen and discusses reducing liquefaction energy. It does not link that estimate to energy savings from boil-off reliquefaction, the process named in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Since the boiling temperature of LN2 is higher than that of LH2 (77 K vs. 20 K), the primary purpose of nitrogen is to pre-cool H2 below its J-T inversion temperature (200 K at atmospheric pressure) so that the H2 can be expanded later via a J-T valve [65].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [65] [65] M. Aziz, Liquid Hydrogen: A Review on Liquefaction, Storage, Transportation, and Safety, Energies (Basel). 14 (2021) 5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185917. - source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“With this new cryocooler coupling system, heat removal was also achieved at the tank wall using a cooled shield placed in a multi-layer insulation [71].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] [71] D. Plachta, J. Stephens, W. Johnson, M. Zagarola, NASA cryocooler technology developments and goals to achieve zero boil-off and to liquefy cryogenic propellants for space exploration, Cryogenics (Guildf). 94 (2018) 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.07.005. - source
The History of Testing passage describes a cryocooler coupled to the tank exterior through a circulated gas loop. It says this configuration allowed heat removal at the tank wall and also through a cooled shield in the multi-layer insulation. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The SEC values obtained ranged from 8.8 to 10.8 kWh/kg LH2 when the reliquefaction-to-generation fraction increased from 10 to 100%.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [81] [81] M. Choi, W. Jung, S. Lee, T. Joung, D. Chang, Thermal Efficiency and Economics of a Boil-Off Hydrogen Re-Liquefaction System Considering the Energy Efficiency Design Index for Liquid Hydrogen Carriers, Energies (Basel). 14 (2021) 4566. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154566. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5.1 (Energy and Exergy Efficiency Results) and Section 6 (Conclusions) report a partial boil-off hydrogen reliquefaction system using a reverse Brayton helium cycle. They give the same R/G range of 10% to 100% and upper SEC value of 10.80 kWh/kg, but the lower SEC value is 8.22, not 8.8 kWh/kg. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The researchers used MIL-101(Cr) MOF to control the pressure increase of BOH caused by heat leakage.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [145] [145] H. Oh, D. Lupu, G. Blanita, M. Hirscher, Experimental assessment of physical upper limit for hydrogen storage capacity at 20 K in densified MIL-101 monoliths, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 2648-2651. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA46233A. - source
In “Hydrogen sorption isobar measurement; Temperature dependent pressure change” (page not provided), the paper says heat leaks can vaporize liquid hydrogen and pressurize a closed tank. It reports that adding MIL-101 prevents the sudden pressure increase: pressure stayed near zero up to approximately 37 K with a MIL-101 pellet, unlike in the empty holder. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Oh et al. [145] found that the use of cryo-adsorption on Metal Organic Framework (MOF) pellets at 20 K could be advantageous for industrial applications compared to typical LH2 storage. This is due to the wider operating temperature range without boil-off losses, up to 37 K.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [145] [145] H. Oh, D. Lupu, G. Blanita, M. Hirscher, Experimental assessment of physical upper limit for hydrogen storage capacity at 20 K in densified MIL-101 monoliths, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 2648-2651. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA46233A. - source
The Conclusions state that cryo-adsorption on MIL-101 pellets at 20 K could benefit industrial applications compared with liquid hydrogen because it offers a larger operating-temperature window without boil-off loss, up to 37 K. The hydrogen sorption isobar section also explains the comparison with liquid-hydrogen boil-off. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 2, with the exception of the Air Products cryogenic compressor system, all other compressors require BOH preheating because their minimum inlet temperature (Tin) is above 258 K.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For instance, 0.25 L of gasoline and 0.22 L of diesel have the same energy content as 1 L of LH2.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] [22] I.A. Hassan, H.S. Ramadan, M.A. Saleh, D. Hissel, Hydrogen storage technologies for stationary and mobile applications: Review, analysis and perspectives, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 149 (2021) 111311. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111311. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“BOH formation due to heat leakage in cryogenic systems often occurs through radiation and conduction.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] [40] K.D. Timmerhaus, Cryogenic Process Engineering, in: R.A.B.T.-E. of P.S. and T. (Third E. Meyers (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Elsevier, New York, 2003: pp. 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227410-5/00156-3. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The thermal energy eventually becomes large enough to cause some evaporation of LH2.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“A possible solution to sloshing is the addition of cross baffles inside the tank to mitigate the impact forces during acceleration and prevent LH2 movement [34,44].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] [34] S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, Towards a Hydrogen Economy, The Electricity Journal. 18 (2005) 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEJ.2005.06.003. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The problem with storing LH2 is that this spontaneous conversion is sufficient to vaporize up to 64% of the original LH2 [49].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] [49] W.K. Hall, Catalytic function of hydrogen bound to the surfaces of oxides, Acc Chem Res. 8 (1975) 257-263. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50092a001. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This substantial reduction in heat loss is determined by the heat exchange between the low-temperature BOH and the incoming ambient heat ( qroom in Figure 4c), allowing for efficient use of the low-temperature sensible heat of the BOH prior to its reliquefaction or venting, as shown in Figure 4c [34,44,63].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] [34] S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, Towards a Hydrogen Economy, The Electricity Journal. 18 (2005) 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEJ.2005.06.003. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] [63] X. Xu, J. Zheng, H. Xu, L. Chen, J. Wang, Comparative Study on Thermodynamic Characteristics of Composite Thermal Insulation Systems With Liquid Methane, Oxygen, and Hydrogen, J Therm Sci Eng Appl. 14 (2022) 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4052343. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of LH2, cryogenic refrigerators must be able to continuously remove a certain amount of 'heat load' while maintaining the LH2 tank at 20 K.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, as the temperature decreases, the equilibrium concentration of o-H2 also decreases until the H2 molecule is mostly p-H2 at 20 K, when the H2 becomes liquid.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multi-layer insulation (see Figure 4b) is considered the most effective thermal protection for cryogenic systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the BOH rate can even be higher than 0.5 % per day as reported by other authors.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thermal stratification in the LH2 can cause additional boil-off.”
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In the paper
“Heat input can penetrate through insulation and conduction via pipes, access ports, internal shell supports, and instrumentation cables [40].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] [40] K.D. Timmerhaus, Cryogenic Process Engineering, in: R.A.B.T.-E. of P.S. and T. (Third E. Meyers (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Elsevier, New York, 2003: pp. 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227410-5/00156-3. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Klell [18] reported that most current LH2 tanks may achieve boil-off losses between 0.3 % and 3 % per day.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] [18] M. Klell, Storage of Hydrogen in the Pure Form, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527629800.ch1. - source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Another way to overcome thermal stratification within the tank is to use a magnetic-type refrigerator to extract heat from the tank and maintain the LH2 in subcooled or saturated conditions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] [34] S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, Towards a Hydrogen Economy, The Electricity Journal. 18 (2005) 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEJ.2005.06.003. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Catalysts are used at the industrial level to accelerate the rate of o- to p-H2 conversion and avoid further boil-off losses during the H2 liquefaction process.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heat transfer from the walls and bottom of the vessel will always lead to an increase in the sensible enthalpy of LH2.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Despite the relatively good results of these pilot tests, the complexity of maintaining LH2 at such a low temperature and the boil-off phenomenon prevented the widespread use of LH2 in medium-sized vehicles [28].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] [28] H. Barthelemy, M. Weber, F. Barbier, Hydrogen storage: Recent improvements and industrial perspectives, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 7254-7262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.178. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Thermal stratification occurs when a fluid at different temperatures exists within a container, resulting in an increase in tank pressure [34,64].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] [34] S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, Towards a Hydrogen Economy, The Electricity Journal. 18 (2005) 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEJ.2005.06.003. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] [64] T.K. Khurana, B.V.S.S.S. Prasad, K. Ramamurthi, S.S. Murthy, Thermal stratification in ribbed liquid hydrogen storage tanks, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 31 (2006) 2299-2309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.02.032. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transporting LH2 by tank truck can also result in BOH due to hydraulic jumps that LH2 may experience inside the tank.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Under such conditions, the pressure inside the vessel corresponds to the vapor pressure of the temperature of the warmer upper layers of the LH2, which is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the BOH [34,64].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] [34] S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, Towards a Hydrogen Economy, The Electricity Journal. 18 (2005) 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEJ.2005.06.003. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] [64] T.K. Khurana, B.V.S.S.S. Prasad, K. Ramamurthi, S.S. Murthy, Thermal stratification in ribbed liquid hydrogen storage tanks, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 31 (2006) 2299-2309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.02.032. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The results indicated that heat leakage can be significantly reduced once the β parameter can go up to 60.5 %.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] [63] X. Xu, J. Zheng, H. Xu, L. Chen, J. Wang, Comparative Study on Thermodynamic Characteristics of Composite Thermal Insulation Systems With Liquid Methane, Oxygen, and Hydrogen, J Therm Sci Eng Appl. 14 (2022) 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4052343. - source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of a catalyst generally requires a higher cooling load, and thus an efficiency penalty because the heat of conversion must be removed.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the main objective of the ZBO is to control the tank pressure without having to vent the BOH by using a cryogenic cooler and multi-layer insulation similar to the scheme shown in Figure 5a.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, transport of LH2 from high-pressure (between 0.24 and 0.27 MPa) to low-pressure Dewars (0.12 MPa) is another issue that can generate BOH [44].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One way to reduce boil-off losses due to stratification is to use highconductivity plates installed vertically in the tank.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Spherical tanks are considered the most suitable and efficient way to store LH2 to avoid heat transfer from the environment, as they have the lowest surface-to-volume ratio [34].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] [34] S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, Towards a Hydrogen Economy, The Electricity Journal. 18 (2005) 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEJ.2005.06.003. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Therefore, the warmer LH2 rises to the surface, causing the temperature of the upper layers to be higher than that of the bulk liquid [44].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Magnetic refrigerators are considered suitable for this task because of their high efficiency, reliability, and relatively low cost [34,44].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] [34] S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, Towards a Hydrogen Economy, The Electricity Journal. 18 (2005) 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEJ.2005.06.003. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Despite the effectiveness of multi-layer insulation systems, previous reports suggest that the addition of a vapor-cooled shield (VCS) will further reduce boil-off losses [34,44].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] [34] S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, Towards a Hydrogen Economy, The Electricity Journal. 18 (2005) 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEJ.2005.06.003. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In many LH2 storage/transport applications, the BOH is simply released or vented to the atmosphere to prevent overpressure in the cryogenic tank.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the heat leakage is sufficient to reach the interior of the vessel, the heat distribution tends to be uneven because the heat flow primarily occurs through free convection.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Even though the BOH is initially at very low temperature, to convert BOH to LH2, the gas must first be collected for further cooling [68].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68] [68] DEMACO, What to do with hydrogen boil-off gas?, (n.d.). https://demacocryogenics.com/blog/what-to-do-with-hydrogen-boil-off-gas/ (accessed May 12, 2022). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any fluid expanding through a J-T valve will only cool down if it is below its J-T inversion temperature; otherwise, it will warm up.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, reaching a lower temperature implies a significant amount of additional energy to liquefy the gas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, SECs can drop to values between 5 and 8 kWh/kg LH2 when considering large-scale conceptual liquefaction plants proposed in the literature [86].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] [86] M. Aasadnia, M. Mehrpooya, Large-scale liquid hydrogen production methods and approaches: A review, Appl Energy. 212 (2018) 57-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.033. - source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During a typical J-T cryocooling process, a significant portion of the energy contained in the high-pressure gas is converted into kinetic energy, which cannot be used for work or expelled, and is instead dissipated as heat.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“To give figures, liquefying H2 from ambient conditions theoretically and ideally requires about 10 times more energy than LNG, i.e., 3.92 kWh/kg LH2 versus 0.31 kWh/kg LNG [79].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] [79] M.S. Sadaghiani, M. Mehrpooya, Introducing and energy analysis of a novel cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction process configuration, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 60336050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.136. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“They found that pressures of approximately 13 MPa are ideal, as indicated by the figure of merit (FOM).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] [91] H.-M. Chang, K.N. Ryu, J.H. Baik, Thermodynamic design of hydrogen liquefaction systems with helium or neon Brayton refrigerator, Cryogenics (Guildf). 91 (2018) 6876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.02.007. - source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is primarily because of the lower specific energy consumption (SEC) of the Claude process compared to the other two fundamental liquefaction systems.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main advantage of boil-off reliquefaction is the possibility to perform cryogenic refrigeration without having to pre-cool the gas once H2 is already at low temperature.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, proper coupling of the reliquefaction system is vital to avoid collection of BOH in another tank and thus a significant increase in H2 temperature.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, to decrease the boil-off rate in storage tanks, catalysts are used during both cooling steps to accelerate the H2 conversion, as shown in Figure 6a (in yellow).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main driving force for cryogenic cooling is an intermediate expansion step that uses a fraction of the compressed gas that is fed to the heat exchanger section, as shown in Figure 6c.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ejectors have emerged as useful devices for achieving high-efficiency refrigeration cycles in the liquefaction of liquid H2 compared to conventional Claude, Linde or reverse Brayton cycles.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In terms of technological advance, IDEALHY has demonstrated that it is possible to reduce the SEC from 11-15 kWh/kg LH2 to about 6.4 kWh/kg LH2 [117].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [117] [117] L. Decker, M. Klaus, N.D. Mortimer, K. Stolzenburg, D. Berstad, L. Decker, A. Elliott, C. Haberstroh, C. Hatto, M. Klaus, N.D. Mortimer, R. Mubbala, O. Mwabonje, P. Nekså, H. Quack, J.H.R. Rix, I. Seemann, H.T. Walnum, Efficient Liquefaction of Hydrogen: Results of the IDEALHY Project, in: XXth Energie-Symposium, 2013: pp. 1-8. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At Marshall Space Flight Center, the ZBO test was conducted under more realistic flight conditions, since the LH2 was pumped through a cooled bypass loop using a heat exchanger (see Figure 5c) coupled to the cryocooler.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the main challenges in H2 liquefaction is the conversion of o- to p-H2.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a separate study, Park et al. [146] explored cryo-adsorption H2 storage on five different MOFs as a potential solution to minimize boil-off losses for the purpose of enhancing dormancy during continental transportation.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [146] [146] J. Park, J. Ha, R. Muhammad, H.K. Lee, R. Balderas-Xicohtencatl, Y. Cheng, A.J. Ramirez-Cuesta, B. Streppel, M. Hirscher, H.R. Moon, H. Oh, 20 K H2Physisorption on Metal-Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Dormancy Compared to Liquid Hydrogen Storage, ACS Appl Energy Mater. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01907. - source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This thermally driven compressor, which consisted of a prototype cylinder of 0.5 L containing approximately 0.135 kg, demonstrated that several textural properties of the activated carbons, including high surface area, large micropore volume, as well as very narrow pores, are of utmost importance to its successful performance.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [143] [143] G. Sdanghi, V. Nicolas, K. Mozet, S. Schaefer, G. Maranzana, A. Celzard, V. Fierro, A 70 MPa hydrogen thermally driven compressor based on cyclic adsorption-desorption on activated carbon, Carbon N Y. 161 (2020) 466-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.099. - source
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To avoid boil-off losses due to venting, the BOH must be compressed to eventually rejoin the vaporized H2 stream, as shown in Figure 9.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While most LH2 pumps only work with liquids, Air Products appears to have designed a two-phase flow compression process capable of pumping LH2, capturing the BOH, and delivering this gas into the process at high pressures. All without the need to preheat the BOH.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [134] [134] Air Products, The Cryogenic Hydrogen Compressor System. A Low-Cost Way to Meet Your Production Requirements, (2016). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In an attempt to minimize H2 boil-off losses during storage, adsorbents have been used to confine H2 in their nano-porosity.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In support of their findings, in situ neutron scattering experiments revealed that H2 molecules are firmly attached and immobile at the adsorption sites, even above the H2 boiling temperature.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [146] [146] J. Park, J. Ha, R. Muhammad, H.K. Lee, R. Balderas-Xicohtencatl, Y. Cheng, A.J. Ramirez-Cuesta, B. Streppel, M. Hirscher, H.R. Moon, H. Oh, 20 K H2Physisorption on Metal-Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Dormancy Compared to Liquid Hydrogen Storage, ACS Appl Energy Mater. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01907. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 72
- Probably not a substantial claim. 117
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Liquid hydrogen (LH2) offers the highest storage density compared to other forms of storage, without requiring a chemical reaction.”
- Also stated in: § 2. Liquid Hydrogen storage · boosted
“Among the various well-established technologies for storing H2 by physical methods, LH2 offers the largest storage capacity per unit volume as well as safety advantages due to its low storage pressure (0.1013-0.6 MPa) [19-21].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] [19] A.M. Abdalla, S. Hossain, O.B. Nisfindy, A.T. Azad, M. Dawood, A.K. Azad, Hydrogen production, storage, transportation and key challenges with applications: A review, Energy Convers Manag. 165 (2018) 602-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2018.03.088. - source
- Partly supportedcites [20] [20] Z. Abdin, A. Zafaranloo, A. Rafiee, W. Mérida, W. Lipiński, K.R. Khalilpour, Hydrogen as an energy vector, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 120 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109620. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5.2, “Liquid hydrogen,” says liquid-state hydrogen has the highest energy intensity among current hydrogen storage options and contrasts it with liquid carriers that require dehydrogenation. But Table 5 gives a metal hydride a higher volumetric hydrogen density than liquid hydrogen (115 versus 70.8 kg/m³), so the unqualified claim of the highest storage density overstates the source. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Disputedcites [21] [21] F. Ustolin, N. Paltrinieri, F. Berto, Loss of integrity of hydrogen technologies: A critical review, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 45 (2020) 23809-23840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.021. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Storage section says liquid hydrogen has a higher density than some other storage solutions, but it identifies cryo-compressed storage—not liquid hydrogen—as achieving the maximum hydrogen density: 80 versus 70.9 kg/m³. Thus the claim that liquid hydrogen has the highest density among storage forms is contrary to the source. The storage comparison distinguishes liquid hydrogen from chemical-bond storage methods. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 2. Liquid Hydrogen storage · boosted
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Due to its high energy consumption, the application of LH2 has long been limited to the spacecraft industry [19-21], where budgetary issues or market prices are not a concern [22].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] [19] A.M. Abdalla, S. Hossain, O.B. Nisfindy, A.T. Azad, M. Dawood, A.K. Azad, Hydrogen production, storage, transportation and key challenges with applications: A review, Energy Convers Manag. 165 (2018) 602-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2018.03.088. - source
- Partly supportedcites [20] [20] Z. Abdin, A. Zafaranloo, A. Rafiee, W. Mérida, W. Lipiński, K.R. Khalilpour, Hydrogen as an energy vector, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 120 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109620. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5.2 (page unavailable) says hydrogen liquefaction requires energy equivalent to about 35% of the liquid hydrogen’s lower heating value and that cryogenic hydrogen storage is widely used in the space industry. It does not say high energy consumption confined LH2 applications to that industry; it also reports vehicle trials. The claimed historical limitation and its cause therefore go beyond the source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [21] [21] F. Ustolin, N. Paltrinieri, F. Berto, Loss of integrity of hydrogen technologies: A critical review, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 45 (2020) 23809-23840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.021. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Related equipment section reports that liquefaction requires more energy than compression, and the Mobile systems—Aerospace industry section describes hydrogen use in space missions. The paper does not say that energy demand kept LH2 applications limited to spacecraft for a long period; its Storage section also describes LH2 road delivery. No page number is available for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] [22] I.A. Hassan, H.S. Ramadan, M.A. Saleh, D. Hissel, Hydrogen storage technologies for stationary and mobile applications: Review, analysis and perspectives, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 149 (2021) 111311. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111311. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Among the various well-established technologies for storing H2 by physical methods, LH2 offers the largest storage capacity per unit volume as well as safety advantages due to its low storage pressure (0.1013-0.6 MPa) [19-21].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] [19] A.M. Abdalla, S. Hossain, O.B. Nisfindy, A.T. Azad, M. Dawood, A.K. Azad, Hydrogen production, storage, transportation and key challenges with applications: A review, Energy Convers Manag. 165 (2018) 602-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2018.03.088. - source
- Partly supportedcites [20] [20] Z. Abdin, A. Zafaranloo, A. Rafiee, W. Mérida, W. Lipiński, K.R. Khalilpour, Hydrogen as an energy vector, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 120 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109620. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 5 lists low pressure as a merit of liquid-hydrogen storage, and §5.2 describes liquid hydrogen as having the highest energy intensity among current hydrogen-storage options (page numbers unavailable). But our copy does not give the claimed 0.1013–0.6 MPa range or say that liquid hydrogen's low pressure confers a safety advantage; Table 5 instead lists public perception as a safety drawback. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [21] [21] F. Ustolin, N. Paltrinieri, F. Berto, Loss of integrity of hydrogen technologies: A critical review, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 45 (2020) 23809-23840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.021. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Storage section reports LH2 at atmospheric pressure and lists operating pressures up to 7 bar (0.7 MPa), supporting that it is stored at relatively low pressure. It does not give the claimed upper limit of 0.6 MPa or state that low pressure confers a safety advantage; the Discussion section notes unresolved LH2 explosion risks. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The reason is the quick vaporization, known as the flashing phenomenon, occurring over the transfer of LH2 from a tank to another with a difference of pressure.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
- Supportedcites [65] [65] M. Aziz, Liquid Hydrogen: A Review on Liquefaction, Storage, Transportation, and Safety, Energies (Basel). 14 (2021) 5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185917. - source
The review’s discussion of sloshing and flashing defines flashing as evaporation during transfer of liquid hydrogen from a higher-pressure tank to a lower-pressure tank. Section 4.2 also describes it as rapid vaporization during transfer to lower pressure. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The boil-off rate was estimated to be 563 kg/day [30], which translates to an evaporation rate of nearly 0.25 % per day [31].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [30] [30] A.G. Krenn, R.C. Youngquist, S.O. Starr, Annular Air Leaks in a liquid hydrogen storage tank, IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 278 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757899X/278/1/012065. - source
The citation to this source is attached to the 563 kg/day boil-off estimate, not the separate 0.25% per day calculation. Section 6 (Safe removal analysis) states that the LH2 storage tank has a boil-off rate of approximately 563 kg/day; Section 5 frames the tank conditions as a hypothetical scenario. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [31] [31] D. Berstad, S. Gardarsdottir, S. Roussanaly, M. Voldsund, Y. Ishimoto, P. Nekså, Liquid hydrogen as prospective energy carrier: A brief review and discussion of underlying assumptions applied in value chain analysis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 154 (2022) 111772. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111772. - source
Section 3 states that NASA’s spherical liquid-hydrogen tanks had a reported boil-off rate of 563 kg/day, translating to around 0.25% per day. This directly supports the evaporation-rate statement attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This company estimates that cylindrical tanks with a capacity of 300 m 3 can have boil-off rates of less than 0.3 % per day, while spherical tanks with a size between 1,100 and 2,300 m 3 have boil-off rates of less than 0.1 % per day [31,62].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] [31] D. Berstad, S. Gardarsdottir, S. Roussanaly, M. Voldsund, Y. Ishimoto, P. Nekså, Liquid hydrogen as prospective energy carrier: A brief review and discussion of underlying assumptions applied in value chain analysis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 154 (2022) 111772. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111772. - source
Section 3 directly lists Linde cylindrical tanks of 300 m³ capacity with less than 0.3% daily boil-off and spherical tanks of 1,100–2,300 m³ capacity with less than 0.1% daily boil-off. These match both tank types, capacities, and rates in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.95)
- Not matchedcites [62] [62] L. Decker, Liquid Hydrogen Distribution Technology - HYPER closing seminar, Linde. (2020) 27. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Commercial oxide-based catalysts currently used for o- to p-H2 conversion include IONEX® (Fe2O3.2%H2O) and OXISORB® (CrO.SiO2) [56].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [56] [56] M. Hartl, R.C. Gillis, L. Daemen, D.P. Olds, K. Page, S. Carlson, Y. Cheng, T. Hügle, E.B. Iverson, A.J. Ramirez-Cuesta, Y. Lee, G. Muhrer, Hydrogen adsorption on two catalysts for the ortho- to parahydrogen conversion: Cr-doped silica and ferric oxide gel, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (2016) 17281-17293. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP01154C. - source
The Introduction explicitly lists IONEX® (Fe2O3·2%H2O) and OXISORB® (CrO·SiO2) as two catalysts currently used for ortho-to-parahydrogen conversion. The Materials section clarifies that OXISORB® is not marketed for that purpose, but says it has been used for the conversion. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For that purpose, space travel requires proper storage and management of cryogens under microgravity conditions for long duration missions, which led NASA to implement cryogenic refrigeration systems such as the 20K cryocooler to achieve zero boil-off (ZBO) of LH2 [71].”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [71] [71] D. Plachta, J. Stephens, W. Johnson, M. Zagarola, NASA cryocooler technology developments and goals to achieve zero boil-off and to liquefy cryogenic propellants for space exploration, Cryogenics (Guildf). 94 (2018) 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.07.005. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“LH2 transport at lower pressures (near atmospheric) is a way to mitigate boil-off formation due to flashing, though at the expense of storing a smaller volume of LH2 [44,65].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
- Supportedcites [65] [65] M. Aziz, Liquid Hydrogen: A Review on Liquefaction, Storage, Transportation, and Safety, Energies (Basel). 14 (2021) 5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185917. - source
Section 4.2 states that transporting liquid hydrogen at atmospheric pressure has lower losses than transporting it at higher pressure because high-to-low-pressure transfer causes flash vaporization. It also states that lower-pressure storage holds a lower volume of hydrogen. The passage does not provide a page number. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, some authors have suggested that the introduction of an LN2 pre-cooling unit upstream of the liquefaction zone could lead to an increase in EXE of about 50-70% [94] since the mechanical energy of the turbine rotation can be recovered and better cooling is achieved [83].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [94] [94] K.D. Timmerhaus, T.M. Flynn, Cryogenic Process Engineering, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2013. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [83] [83] S.Z. Al Ghafri, S. Munro, U. Cardella, T. Funke, W. Notardonato, J.P.M. Trusler, J. Leachman, R. Span, S. Kamiya, G. Pearce, A. Swanger, E.D. Rodriguez, P. Bajada, F. Jiao, K. Peng, A. Siahvashi, M.L. Johns, E.F. May, Hydrogen liquefaction: a review of the fundamental physics, engineering practice and future opportunities, Energy Environ Sci. 15 (2022) 2690-2731. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EE00099G. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The cycles can also include a pre-cooling section with LN2 to reduce compressor work, although it is not mandatory [65].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [65] [65] M. Aziz, Liquid Hydrogen: A Review on Liquefaction, Storage, Transportation, and Safety, Energies (Basel). 14 (2021) 5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185917. - source
Section 3.4 (Helium Brayton Cycle; page not provided) describes both a simple cycle and a version with liquid-nitrogen pre-cooling, showing that pre-cooling is optional. It also states that liquid-nitrogen pre-cooling can reduce compressor work. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although NASA has previously investigated two types of cooling cycles such as the reverse Brayton cycle and the Stirling cycle, in which the working fluid circulation directly cools the tank wall [71], the reverse Brayton cycle remains the preferred distributed cooling system [74].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] [71] D. Plachta, J. Stephens, W. Johnson, M. Zagarola, NASA cryocooler technology developments and goals to achieve zero boil-off and to liquefy cryogenic propellants for space exploration, Cryogenics (Guildf). 94 (2018) 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.07.005. - source
The Cryocooler Integration Trade Study (page unavailable) compares reverse turbo-Brayton cooling with a separate-loop approach using a Stirling or pulse-tube cooler. It says the Brayton cooler distributes cooling through its built-in circulator and that NASA procured it after finding no suitable cold circulator for a separate loop. This supports the preference attributed to citation [74]. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [74] [74] D.W. Plachta, W.L. Johnson, J.R. Feller, Zero boil-off system testing, Cryogenics (Guildf). 74 (2016) 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2015.10.009. - source
The Introduction states that the preferred distributed cooling system uses a reverse turbo-Brayton cycle cryocooler. That is the part of the citing sentence attached to this source’s citation [74]; the statement about NASA’s earlier investigations is attached to [71]. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The H2 liquefaction process includes two cooling stages [81] as can be appreciated graphically in Figure 6a.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [81] [81] M. Choi, W. Jung, S. Lee, T. Joung, D. Chang, Thermal Efficiency and Economics of a Boil-Off Hydrogen Re-Liquefaction System Considering the Energy Efficiency Design Index for Liquid Hydrogen Carriers, Energies (Basel). 14 (2021) 4566. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154566. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes a hydrogen-liquefaction configuration with two sections: precooling and cryogenic liquefaction. It presents this as one proposed configuration, not as a two-stage structure shared by all H₂ liquefaction processes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The J-T expansion cannot be omitted because the expander (Figure 6c) is not intended for liquefaction but only for cooling since the expander usually does not handle liquid fluids [65].”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [65] [65] M. Aziz, Liquid Hydrogen: A Review on Liquefaction, Storage, Transportation, and Safety, Energies (Basel). 14 (2021) 5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185917. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 (page not provided) describes Joule–Thomson expansion through a throttling valve as the liquefaction step in the Linde process. It does not say that J–T expansion cannot be omitted from the arrangement in the citing sentence, or that an expander is used only for cooling because it cannot handle liquid fluids; searches for “expander” and “turbine” found no matching passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“An ejector is a work-producing device without moving parts that can enhance the efficiency of the refrigeration cycle by utilizing the high-pressure gas leaving the compressor to increase the cooling capacity of the refrigeration system [92,95].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [92] [92] H.S. Cao, H.J.M. ter Brake, Progress and challenges in utilization of ejectors for cryogenic cooling, Appl Therm Eng. 167 (2020) 114783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114783. - source
- Partly supportedcites [95] [95] H.S. Cao, L.H. Geng, G. Hammink, T. Tirolien, H.J.M. ter Brake, Performance of a miniature ejector for application in a nitrogen Joule-Thomson cycle: Experimental and numerical analysis, Appl Therm Eng. 186 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116357. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes ejectors as work-producing devices that use high-pressure gas to improve cryocooler performance, and Section 2 traces that gas from the compressor to the ejector (pages not provided). The paper says JT cryocoolers have no moving parts, but does not explicitly say this of ejectors. It describes lower evaporator temperature or reduced compressor power, not an increase in cooling capacity. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“According to Aasadnia et al. [86], the specific energy consumption (SEC) of liquefaction plants is usually around 10-15 kWh/kg LH2 while EXE values are between 19 % and 24 % [6,86-89].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] [86] M. Aasadnia, M. Mehrpooya, Large-scale liquid hydrogen production methods and approaches: A review, Appl Energy. 212 (2018) 57-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.033. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] [6] U. Cardella, L. Decker, H. Klein, Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 13329-13338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.068. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] [87] A. Naquash, M.A. Qyyum, S. Min, S. Lee, M. Lee, Carbon-dioxide-precooled hydrogen liquefaction process: An innovative approach for performance enhancementEnergy, exergy, and economic perspectives, Energy Convers Manag. 251 (2022) 114947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114947. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] [88] Y. Bi, L. Yin, T. He, Y. Ju, Optimization and analysis of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process for circulating hydrogen refrigeration, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 47 (2022) 348364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.10.012. - source
- Partly supportedcites [89] [89] S.ZS. Al Ghafri, S. Munro, U. Cardella, T. Funke, W. Notardonato, J.P.M. Trusler, J. Leachman, R. Span, S. Kamiya, G. Pearce, A. Swanger, E.D. Rodriguez, P. Bajada, F. Jiao, K. Peng, A. Siahvashi, M.L. Johns, E.F. May, Hydrogen liquefaction: a review of the fundamental physics, engineering practice and future opportunities, Energy Environ Sci. 15 (2022) 2690-2731. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EE00099G. - sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.2 (page not provided) reports SEC of 10–15 kWh/kg LH₂ for existing industrial liquefiers, matching that part of the claim. It gives exergy efficiencies of 20–30%, not the claimed 19–24%. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In industrial H2 liquefaction processes, both types of expanders are used on the refrigeration side [89].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [89] [89] S.ZS. Al Ghafri, S. Munro, U. Cardella, T. Funke, W. Notardonato, J.P.M. Trusler, J. Leachman, R. Span, S. Kamiya, G. Pearce, A. Swanger, E.D. Rodriguez, P. Bajada, F. Jiao, K. Peng, A. Siahvashi, M.L. Johns, E.F. May, Hydrogen liquefaction: a review of the fundamental physics, engineering practice and future opportunities, Energy Environ Sci. 15 (2022) 2690-2731. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EE00099G. - source
The review’s Expansion discussion explicitly says that radial-flow and axial-flow turbines are used for industrial liquefier expansion on the refrigeration side. These are the two expander types described in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The use of ejectors can reduce throttling losses and increase the suction pressure of refrigeration systems, thereby reducing the compression work required for the process [99].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [99] [99] G. Besagni, Ejectors on the cutting edge: The past, the present and the perspective, Energy. 170 (2019) 998-1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.214. - source
Section 2.1 states that ejectors reduce throttling losses and lift the suction pressure of refrigeration cycles, thereby decreasing compression work. This directly supports the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The maximum LH2 production of existing plants worldwide is about 32 ton/day per liquefaction train [89].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [89] [89] S.ZS. Al Ghafri, S. Munro, U. Cardella, T. Funke, W. Notardonato, J.P.M. Trusler, J. Leachman, R. Span, S. Kamiya, G. Pearce, A. Swanger, E.D. Rodriguez, P. Bajada, F. Jiao, K. Peng, A. Siahvashi, M.L. Johns, E.F. May, Hydrogen liquefaction: a review of the fundamental physics, engineering practice and future opportunities, Energy Environ Sci. 15 (2022) 2690-2731. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EE00099G. - source
The Conclusions and outlook section states that the largest single liquefaction train has a capacity of 32 TPD. Section 3.2 likewise describes existing liquefiers as having capacities below approximately 32 TPD per train, supporting the cited worldwide maximum as an approximate figure. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Gi et al. [147] confirmed the superdense state of H2 not only on MOFs but also on activated carbons at temperatures below 33 K and at 0.1013 MPa.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [147] [147] H. Gi, Y. Kashiwara, Y. Itoh, K. Sharma, N. Ogita, H. Miyaoka, T. Ogawa, M. Simanullang, L. Prost, T. Ichikawa, Superdense state of the monolayer hydrogen on adsorbent under liquefied temperature, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 48 (2023) 3534-3540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.081. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Hydrogen adsorption at 20.4 K section report superdense H₂ on MOF-177 and superactivated carbon MSC-30 below 33 K, including at approximately 0.1013 MPa (reported as 0.1 MPa) at 20.4 K. The Temperature dependence section reports higher pressures for the measurements at 23.3, 26.5, and 30.6 K, so the stated pressure is not supported across the temperatures studied. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“More recently, the concept has been applied to methane compression using metal organic frameworks and activated carbons as adsorbents [141].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [141] [141] L. Qin, H. Cao, J. Li, Y. Wu, M. ter Brake, Performance comparison of sorption compressors for methane using metal-organic frameworks and activated carbon as adsorbents, Cryogenics (Guildf). 123 (2022) 103441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2022.103441. - source
The Introduction states that this study analyzes sorption compressors using methane as the working fluid and Saran activated carbon, MOF-5, and HKUST-1 as adsorbents. That directly supports the cited example of applying the adsorption-compressor concept to methane with activated carbon and metal-organic frameworks. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, H2 liquefaction requires refrigeration cycles to go from ambient conditions to 20 K, which is an energy-intensive process.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Boil-off hydrogen (BOH) is the result of the evaporation of LH2, primarily due to heat leakage into the cryogenic tank.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The energy consumption of H2 liquefaction is estimated to be 30-40 % of the energy content of LH2 [22,27,28], i.e., 8 MJ/L on a lower heating value basis [29].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] [22] I.A. Hassan, H.S. Ramadan, M.A. Saleh, D. Hissel, Hydrogen storage technologies for stationary and mobile applications: Review, analysis and perspectives, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 149 (2021) 111311. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111311. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] [27] Z. Yanxing, G. Maoqiong, Z. Yuan, D. Xueqiang, S. Jun, Thermodynamics analysis of hydrogen storage based on compressed gaseous hydrogen, liquid hydrogen and cryo- - compressed hydrogen, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 44 (2019) 16833-16840. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2019.04.207. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] [28] H. Barthelemy, M. Weber, F. Barbier, Hydrogen storage: Recent improvements and industrial perspectives, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 7254-7262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.178. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] [29] D.J. Durbin, C. Malardier-Jugroot, Review of hydrogen storage techniques for on board vehicle applications, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 38 (2013) 14595-14617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.07.058. - source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, H2 has the advantage of having the highest gravimetric capacity.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BOH is an undesirable but somewhat unavoidable effect occurring in cryogenic tanks.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although LH2 is the most densified version of all physical H2 storage methods, its volumetric energy density is still lower than that of other common liquid fuels, such as gasoline or diesel, as illustrated in Figure 1b.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] [22] I.A. Hassan, H.S. Ramadan, M.A. Saleh, D. Hissel, Hydrogen storage technologies for stationary and mobile applications: Review, analysis and perspectives, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 149 (2021) 111311. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111311. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reliquefaction can be an optimal option for LH2-fueled applications or for LH2 transportation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“H2 is inherently a difficult molecule to maintain in the liquid state due to its low boiling point, which complicates its liquefaction, but also due to its low enthalpy of evaporation (0.45 kJ/g) that is almost 18 times lower than that of liquefied natural gas (LNG).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During collection, the gas temperature increases, and thus the required cooling energy depends on the feed temperature of the BOH into the reliquefaction system.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In fact, according to company reports, the BOH rate has remained the same, at values below 0.2 %, with no sign of deteriorating performance over the past 30 years [36].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] [36] Kawasaki Heavy Industries., Japan's Largest Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank. The Intricacies of Keeping Hydrogen at -253°C, (2017). https://answers.khi.co.jp/en/energy-environment/20170227e-01/ (accessed August 30, 2022). -
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This reaction, known as ortho to para conversion, usually takes time since the perturbations involving the nuclear spins are small in magnitude [47] and a non-equilibrium mixture may occur [48].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] [47] G. Petitpas, S.M. Aceves, M.J. Matthews, J.R. Smith, Para-H2 to ortho-H2 conversion in a full-scale automotive cryogenic pressurized hydrogen storage up to 345 bar, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 39 (2014) 6533-6547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.205. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] [48] O.A. evna Boeva, A.A. Odintzov, R.D. Solovov, E.V. Abkhalimov, K.N. Zhavoronkova, B.G. evich Ershov, Low-temperature ortho-para hydrogen conversion catalyzed by gold nanoparticles: Particle size does not affect the rate, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 22897-22902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.187. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The type of insulation is critical to prevent BOH formation, i.e., the insulation design must be able to balance the savings from BOH reduction with the cost of the insulation system [40].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] [40] K.D. Timmerhaus, Cryogenic Process Engineering, in: R.A.B.T.-E. of P.S. and T. (Third E. Meyers (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Elsevier, New York, 2003: pp. 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227410-5/00156-3. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While it is true that this method can be the simplest way to eliminate BOH by avoiding investment in adequate infrastructure to use the gas for other purposes, venting a fuel is a waste of energy, especially for a gas that is expensive to liquefy [68].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68] [68] DEMACO, What to do with hydrogen boil-off gas?, (n.d.). https://demacocryogenics.com/blog/what-to-do-with-hydrogen-boil-off-gas/ (accessed May 12, 2022). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The boil-off rate can be different depending on the sophistication of the Dewar insulation technology, and the shape and the size of the tank.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The movement of LH2 due to acceleration or deceleration is known as sloshing and occurs when the impact energy due to the movement of LH2 inside the tank is converted into thermal energy.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Typically, the alternating layers consist of reflective materials, namely aluminum foil or aluminized Mylar, and lowconductivity insulating materials, such as fiberglass mat or paper, glass cloth, or nylon netting, all under high vacuum [40].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] [40] K.D. Timmerhaus, Cryogenic Process Engineering, in: R.A.B.T.-E. of P.S. and T. (Third E. Meyers (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Elsevier, New York, 2003: pp. 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227410-5/00156-3. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, ZBO may not be suitable for all types of applications since cryogenic tank design is quite sophisticated and is currently limited to the spacecraft industry.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In summary, the combination of different aspects, such as the heat leakage, low H2 vaporization temperature, low pressure inside the tank, and transportation of the vessel itself, contribute to BOH generation during conventional LH2 storage in Dewars [66,67].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] [66] M.D. Paster, R.K. Ahluwalia, G. Berry, A. Elgowainy, S. Lasher, K. McKenney, M. Gardiner, Hydrogen storage technology options for fuel cell vehicles: Well-to-wheel costs, energy efficiencies, and greenhouse gas emissions, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 36 (2011) 14534-14551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.07.056. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] [67] T.Q. Hua, R.K. Ahluwalia, Off-board regeneration of ammonia borane for use as a hydrogen carrier for automotive fuel cells, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 37 (2012) 1438214392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.07.013. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compression can be a useful method to recover H2 in its gaseous state for various applications such as fuel cell vehicle refueling stations or highpressure buffer storage.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although LH2 evaporation is an endothermic process, the cooling provided by vaporization is insufficient to counteract temperature increase of LH2 due to heat leakage.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Normal H2 contains two spin isomers of H2 of different composition: 75% ortho-hydrogen (o-H2) and 25% para-hydrogen (p-H2).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“KHI also announced the completion of the basic design of what the company claims would be the world's largest spherical LH2 tank with a total volume of 11,200 m 3 and a H2 storage capacity of 10,000 m 3 with a negligible boil-off rate of ≤ 0.1 % per day [38].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] [38] Kawasaki Heavy Industries., Kawasaki Completes Basic Design for World's Largest Class (11,200-cubic-meter) Spherical Liquefied Hydrogen Storage Tank, (2020). https://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/newsroom/news/detail/?f=20201224\_8018 (accessed August 30, 2022). -
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“LH2 tanks are generally of three types: i) double-jacketed tanks with liquid nitrogen on the outer jacket, ii) super-insulated tanks with reflective powder or multi-layer insulation (MLI), and iii) vapor-cooled shielded (VCS) tanks employing super-insulation [34,44] as graphically described in Figure 4.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] [34] S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, Towards a Hydrogen Economy, The Electricity Journal. 18 (2005) 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEJ.2005.06.003. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“According to Sherif et al. [34,44], BOH may be generated for the following reasons, detailed below:”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Causes of boil-off hydrogen · plain
“Ortho- to para-H2 conversion”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Causes of boil-off hydrogen · plain
“Heat leaks (shape and size effect, thermal stratification, thermal overfill, insulation, conduction, radiation, cooling)”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] [34] S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, Towards a Hydrogen Economy, The Electricity Journal. 18 (2005) 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEJ.2005.06.003. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Causes of boil-off hydrogen · plain
In the paper
“H2 venting must be carried out with adequate safety precautions because of the risk of explosion if the evaporated H2 meets oxygen or any oxidizing agent [68].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68] [68] DEMACO, What to do with hydrogen boil-off gas?, (n.d.). https://demacocryogenics.com/blog/what-to-do-with-hydrogen-boil-off-gas/ (accessed May 12, 2022). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To counter this, mitigation strategies incorporating active cooling with multilayer insulation, such as zero boiloff (ZBO), could be an attractive option.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“If H2 liquefaction is carried out without catalytic conversion of o- to p-H2, the ortho isomer will be at a higher concentration than its equilibrium concentration and will thus spontaneously convert to the para isomer, generating a significant amount of heat [50].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] [50] M.S. Sadaghiani, M. Mehrpooya, Introducing and energy analysis of a novel cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction process configuration, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 60336050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.136. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main drawback of this method is the need for additional adjacent space for the reliquefaction facility and the relatively high OPEX and CAPEX of the cooling process.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although H2 venting is generally safe for the environment if the amounts released are small, venting can become hazardous when large amounts of BOH are vented into confined spaces.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Since boil-off losses due to heat leakage are proportional to the surface-to-volume ratio, the boil-off rate decreases sharply as the storage tank size increases [58,59].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] [58] L. Schlapbach, A. Züttel, for Mobile Applications, Nature. 414 (2001) 353-358. https://doi.org/10.1038/35104634. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] [59] B.P. Tarasov, M. V. Lototskii, V.A. Yartys', Problem of hydrogen storage and prospective uses of hydrides for hydrogen accumulation, Russ J Gen Chem. 77 (2007) 694-711. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070363207040329. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The choice of the type of recovery strategy depends on the industry, location and application of the LH2, as well as the space available for additional facilities if required.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The plates produce low-resistance heat paths between the bottom and top of the tank and are therefore able to prevent excessive temperature gradients and pressures.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Therefore, the BOH must be vented to maintain the pressure of the tank, otherwise, the warmer stratified column of LH2 can potentially cause cavitation and damage the LH2 pump [44,64].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] [44] S.A. Sherif, N. Zeytinoglu, T.N. Veziroglu, Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 22 (1997) 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] [64] T.K. Khurana, B.V.S.S.S. Prasad, K. Ramamurthi, S.S. Murthy, Thermal stratification in ribbed liquid hydrogen storage tanks, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 31 (2006) 2299-2309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.02.032. - source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The obtained BOH is in equilibrium with the LH2 and, therefore, the density of each phase does not vary with time [43].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] [43] G. Petitpas, P. Bénard, L.E. Klebanoff, J. Xiao, S. Aceves, A comparative analysis of the cryo-compression and cryo-adsorption hydrogen storage methods, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 39 (2014) 10564-10584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.200. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Materials with low thermal conductivity or the insertion of long heat transfer paths (e.g., by reducing the heat flow crosssection) can reduce convective losses, while various types of radiation shielding (e.g., multilayer insulation, boil-off vapor-cooled shields and opacifiers in powder insulation) can reduce radiation losses [40].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] [40] K.D. Timmerhaus, Cryogenic Process Engineering, in: R.A.B.T.-E. of P.S. and T. (Third E. Meyers (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Elsevier, New York, 2003: pp. 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227410-5/00156-3. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, it is crucial to ensure that the recovery strategies employed are not overly expensive to maintain a positive OPEX, i.e. , the energy used to recover the BOH should not exceed its own cost [69].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] [69] G. Petitpas, Boil-off losses along LH2 pathway, Livermore, CA (United States), 2018. https://doi.org/10.2172/1466121. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“State-of-the-art insulation systems are essential to prevent heat leakage into the LH2 storage vessel.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reason could lie in the fact that all types of heat transfer are mitigated by providing multilayer insulation with considerably low thermal conductivities.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For spherical, vacuum-insulated, double-walled Dewars, boil-off losses are typically between 0.3 and 0.5 % per day for 50 m 3 storage tanks, 0.2 % for 103 m 3 tanks, and approximately 0.06 % for 19,000 m 3 tanks [60].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] [60] H.H. Ewe, H.-J. Selbach, The Storage of Hydrogen, in: A Solar-Hydrogen Energy System, 1st ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1987: pp. 243-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1781-4\_11. - source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The o- to p-H2 conversion reaction is primarily due to magnetic properties [57], while the heat of conversion increases as the reaction from o- to p-H2 proceeds, as shown in Figure 3b.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] [57] Y. Ishii, Theory of non-dissociative ortho-para conversion on magnetic surfaces, Prog Surf Sci. 21 (1986) 163-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6816(86)90012-2. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, over extended periods, heat transfer is virtually unavoidable with passive cooling alone.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similarly, BOH rate estimates around 1.5-3% per day have been reported elsewhere [58,61].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] [58] L. Schlapbach, A. Züttel, for Mobile Applications, Nature. 414 (2001) 353-358. https://doi.org/10.1038/35104634. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] [61] F. Zhang, P. Zhao, M. Niu, J. Maddy, The survey of key technologies in hydrogen energy storage, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 41 (2016) 14535-14552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.293. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In general, the reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle is less efficient than the Claude process, but it has the advantage of simpler and safer operation, because the pressure levels of the helium cycle can be much lower (1 MPa or less) [85,91].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] [85] H.-M. Chang, B.H. Kim, B. Choi, Hydrogen liquefaction process with Brayton refrigeration cycle to utilize the cold energy of LNG, Cryogenics (Guildf). 108 (2020) 103093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2020.103093. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] [91] H.-M. Chang, K.N. Ryu, J.H. Baik, Thermodynamic design of hydrogen liquefaction systems with helium or neon Brayton refrigerator, Cryogenics (Guildf). 91 (2018) 6876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.02.007. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The refrigerant in the heat exchanger section is H2 gas from both the cooled expanded gas and the incoming cold BOH.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Most large-scale H2 liquefaction plants are based on the Claude process with LN2 precooling, as reported by Bi and Ju [109].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [109] [109] Y. Bi, Y. Ju, Conceptual design and optimization of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process based on helium expansion cycle integrating with mixed refrigerant precooling, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 47 (2022) 16949-16963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.202. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The performance indicators for the liquefaction plants presented in Table 1 were obtained from simulations performed primarily via Aspen Plus® or Aspen HYSYS®.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Claude process configuration avoids the need for LN2 cooling as in the Linde process.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Liquefaction of gaseous fuels is an inherently energy-intensive process, but it has the advantage of densifying the fluid and thus reducing storage volume and facilitating fluid transport.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Turbine expanders, such as radial flow turbines and axial flow turbines, are commonly used in H2 liquefiers, leading to higher exergy efficiency.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Linde process, also known as the Linde-Hampson process, is similar to the refrigeration process pioneered by John Dewar, where liquid nitrogen (LN2) is used as the refrigerant.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the pressure record inside the tank showed a steady decrease demonstrating that the cryocooler could remove part of the heat load, the thermal gradient between the LH2 and the cryocooler was high enough (~8 K) to cause a substantial loss of lift rate and thus an increase in power.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The choice of refrigeration cycle process is made based on plant capacity, location and electricity prices [6].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] [6] U. Cardella, L. Decker, H. Klein, Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 13329-13338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.068. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of all the fuels that are gaseous under normal conditions, H2 has the lowest boiling point.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The first ZBO proof-of-concept test was conducted at NASA Glenn Research Center in 1998 and the second was held at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center two years later.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] [75] A. Hedayat, L.J. Hastings, C. Bryant, D.W. Plachta, Large scale demonstration of liquid hydrogen storage with zero boiloff, 1276 (2003) 1276-1283. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1472155. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The US Department of Energy (DOE) has set the ultimate energy consumption target for H2 liquefaction to 6 kWh/kg LH2 for large-scale 300 ton/day liquefaction plants [118].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [118] [118] DOE's Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, US Deparment of Energy (DOE) Technical Targets for Hydrogen Delivery, (n.d.). https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/doe-technical-targets-hydrogen-delivery (accessed October 27, 2022). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Refrigeration cycles for H2 liquefaction are currently being extensively studied and modified with the aim of improving the EXE of the process and reducing the SEC of future large-scale liquefaction plants [84].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] [84] L. Yin, Y. Ju, Review on the design and optimization of hydrogen liquefaction processes, Frontiers in Energy. 14 (2020) 530-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708019-0657-4. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although this figure appears to be achievable by implementing process integration and proposed liquefaction design changes, the CAPEX for liquefaction systems remains an open issue [6], as they account for nearly 50% of the total liquefaction process assuming a plant capacity of 100 ton/day [90].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] [6] U. Cardella, L. Decker, H. Klein, Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 13329-13338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.068. - source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] [90] U. Cardella, L. Decker, J. Sundberg, H. Klein, Process optimization for large-scale hydrogen liquefaction, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 12339-12354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.167. - source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The principles of reliquefaction are basically the same as those of liquefaction, except that the feed conditions can change.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, H2 is liquefied by Joule-Thompson (J-T) expansion down to 20 K at atmospheric pressure.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the second stage, the pre-cooled H2 passes through a heat exchanger to reach 30 K through a cryocooling system, which operates with refrigeration cycles such as the helium reverse Brayton cycle (possibly with H2 as well, but there is a minimum temperature limitation [80]) or the H2 Claude cycle [79].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] [79] M.S. Sadaghiani, M. Mehrpooya, Introducing and energy analysis of a novel cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction process configuration, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 60336050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.136. - source
- Not matchedcites [80] [80] H.T. Walnum, D. Berstad, M. Drescher, P. Neksa, H. Quack, C. Haberstroh, J. Essler, Principles for the liquefaction of hydrogen with emphasis on precooling processes, Refrigeration Science and Technology. 2012 (2012) 273-280. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the reverse Brayton cycle, cryocooling is performed by a refrigeration cycle using helium as the coolant, as shown in Figure 6d.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Therefore, new ZBO projects considering the integration of the cryocooler through a circulated gas loop coupled outside the tank have been proposed [76].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [76] [76] D.W. Plachta, W.L. Johnson, J.R. Feller, Cryogenic Boil - Off Reduction System Testing, Advanced Cryogenic Engineering. 53B (2008) 1457-66. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, small to mid-size liquefiers typically operate in a helium Brayton cycle or a hydrogen Claude cycle [115,116].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [115] [115] D.L. Ohlig K, Hydrogen liquefaction, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, n.d. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] [116] K. Ohlig, L. Decker, The latest developments and outlook for hydrogen liquefaction technology, AIP Conf Proc. 1573 (2014) 1311-1317. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4860858. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The SEC was estimated at 3.30 kWh/kg LH2 [129], a value lower than the characteristic SECs for liquefaction processes from ambient conditions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [129] [129] H. Lee, Y. Shao, S. Lee, G. Roh, K. Chun, H. Kang, Analysis and assessment of partial re-liquefaction system for liquefied hydrogen tankers using liquefied natural gas (LNG)and H2 hybrid propulsion, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 44 (2019) 15056-15071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.277. - source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ZBO systems for LH2 storage in spaceflight are being consolidated.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although ZBO was easily achieved, some inefficiencies derived from heat leakage through the pump and bypass loop affected the successful operation of the system.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another reason is the simplicity of LN2 pre-cooling, which, despite its low heat transfer efficiency, does not have a high investment cost.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A cryocooler coupled to a cryogenic tank must be able to remove the amount of heat load necessary to maintain the tank at the desired temperature.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Cao and ter Brake [92] identified four main categories of ejector use in refrigeration systems:”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [92] [92] H.S. Cao, H.J.M. ter Brake, Progress and challenges in utilization of ejectors for cryogenic cooling, Appl Therm Eng. 167 (2020) 114783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114783. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Numerous designs have been proposed to reduce both the CAPEX and OPEX of liquefaction plants and, consequently, the cost of the H2 production chain [90].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] [90] U. Cardella, L. Decker, J. Sundberg, H. Klein, Process optimization for large-scale hydrogen liquefaction, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 12339-12354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.167. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several refrigeration processes can be used for H2 liquefaction, including the Linde process, the Claude process, and the reverse Brayton cycle.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the first cooling stage, also called precooling, the H2 feed gas is cooled to a temperature of around 80 K.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, a reliquefaction system must have the suitable volumetric capacity to handle the actual boil-off generation rate.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The Claude process was first developed by Georges Claude in the early 20 th century [93].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] [93] S. Krasae-in, J.H. Stang, P. Neksa, Development of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction processes from 1898 to 2009, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 35 (2010) 4524-4533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.02.109. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As a result, H2 must not only be below 200 K, but its pressure must also be reasonably high before passing through the valve for successful liquefaction [91].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] [91] H.-M. Chang, K.N. Ryu, J.H. Baik, Thermodynamic design of hydrogen liquefaction systems with helium or neon Brayton refrigerator, Cryogenics (Guildf). 91 (2018) 6876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.02.007. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The p-H2 content after liquefaction processes is between 95 % and 98 % [85].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] [85] H.-M. Chang, B.H. Kim, B. Choi, Hydrogen liquefaction process with Brayton refrigeration cycle to utilize the cold energy of LNG, Cryogenics (Guildf). 108 (2020) 103093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2020.103093. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SEC values below 10 kWh/kg LH2 and EXE values close to 50 % are higher than those of existing H2 liquefaction plants, suggesting that, despite being merely theoretical estimates, they already give an idea of how much room for improvement there is in actual liquefaction plants.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“H2 liquefaction can be divided into several steps, namely H2 compression, pre-cooling, cryocooling and liquefaction [80].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80] [80] H.T. Walnum, D. Berstad, M. Drescher, P. Neksa, H. Quack, C. Haberstroh, J. Essler, Principles for the liquefaction of hydrogen with emphasis on precooling processes, Refrigeration Science and Technology. 2012 (2012) 273-280. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“As an example, H2 must be cooled to a temperature 90 K lower than natural gas (i.e., a boiling point of 110 K), which implies the use of more efficient thermally insulated tanks to store the liquid [78].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78] [78] O. Muragishi, S. Inatsu, R. Uraguchi, K. Yamashiro, T. Imai, T. Ohashi, T. Shimogaki, T. Yoshida, T. Koumoto, Hydrogen Transportation - Development of Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier, Kawasaki Technical Description No 182. (2021). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“H2 can be an alternative refrigerant, but helium is preferred because it has a lower boiling point and can therefore reach temperatures below 20 K in the gaseous state [91].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] [91] H.-M. Chang, K.N. Ryu, J.H. Baik, Thermodynamic design of hydrogen liquefaction systems with helium or neon Brayton refrigerator, Cryogenics (Guildf). 91 (2018) 6876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.02.007. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reverse Brayton cycles can have various configurations depending on the arrangement and number of heat exchangers.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While each test had a purpose, the ZBO approach based on cooling the cryogenic fluid in the tank was abandoned in search of a better system to integrate the cryocooler for application in larger tanks.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rietdijk [100] was the first to suggest the implementation of ejectors in cryogenic cooling systems to generate subatmospheric pressure in a liquid helium evaporator, with the aim of achieving cooling temperatures below 4.2 K.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [100] [100] Rietdijk J.A., The Expansion-Ejector, A New Device for Liquefaction and Refrigeration at 4°K and Lower, in: 1966: pp. 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/B9780-08-012409-4.50023-1. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Chang et al. [91] thus conducted a study to determine the optimal pressure for maximizing the thermodynamic performance of a conventional Linde liquefaction system.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] [91] H.-M. Chang, K.N. Ryu, J.H. Baik, Thermodynamic design of hydrogen liquefaction systems with helium or neon Brayton refrigerator, Cryogenics (Guildf). 91 (2018) 6876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.02.007. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Available data on performance indicators such as EXE and SEC of current large-scale liquefaction plants are very limited [6].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] [6] U. Cardella, L. Decker, H. Klein, Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 13329-13338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.068. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Due to heat leakage in the pipes, the boil-off feed was performed at 53 K to the reliquefaction system.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [129] [129] H. Lee, Y. Shao, S. Lee, G. Roh, K. Chun, H. Kang, Analysis and assessment of partial re-liquefaction system for liquefied hydrogen tankers using liquefied natural gas (LNG)and H2 hybrid propulsion, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 44 (2019) 15056-15071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.277. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Open issues include the need to increase the lift rate while maintaining the cryogenic system at a practical size and weight suitable for NASA space missions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 6b shows a flow chart of the Linde-Hampson process where, in addition to LN2, low-temperature BOH is also used as a refrigerant.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ejector, as shown in Figure 1c, primarily consists of a suction section with a nozzle, a mixing chamber and a diffuser.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a follow-up study, Nicolas et al. [144] focused on the optimization of the latter compressor by performing a parametric study under a variety of possible thermal conditions by modeling and simulating the delivery operation of the compressor using an axisymmetric 2D geometry in COMSOL Multiphysics®.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [144] [144] V. Nicolas, G. Sdanghi, K. Mozet, S. Schaefer, G. Maranzana, A. Celzard, V. Fierro, Numerical simulation of a thermally driven hydrogen compressor as a performance optimization tool, Appl Energy. 323 (2022) 119628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119628. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-mechanical compressors are attracting a lot of attention because they are more compact, quieter, more efficient and less expensive than traditional mechanical compressors.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as is the case in the LNG industry, where boil-off compression is a mature operation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The CHC has a H2 delivery capacity of up to 57 m 3 /h at 289 K under pressures up to 69 MPa [134].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [134] [134] Air Products, The Cryogenic Hydrogen Compressor System. A Low-Cost Way to Meet Your Production Requirements, (2016). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Giner ELX Inc, based in the USA but acquired in 2020 by Plugpower, also headquartered in the USA, has created standard EHC systems with H2 flow rate delivery of either 10 kg/h or 0.5 kg/h, operating at inlet pressures of about 0.1-10 MPa and achievable outlet pressures up to 87.5 MPa.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the field of cryocoolers, kinetic studies of adsorption compressors have been performed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratories in Pasadena, California [140].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [140] [140] C.K. Chan, E. Tward, D.D. Elleman, Kinetics of a gas adsorption compressor, Adv Cryog Eng. (1984) 533-534. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, their diffusion on the markets is not yet sufficient because the level of maturity of the different types of non-mechanical compressors is different or because some of them do not yet have the appropriate H2 delivery capacity for certain high-pressure applications.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consequently, it has achieved stack efficiencies in the range of 2.0 kWh/kg H2 at 350 MPa and 4.4 kWh/kg H2 at 87.5 MPa [138].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138] [138] Giner ELX Inc, Electrochemical Compression, 2019 DOE Hydrgoen and Fuel Cell Program Annual Merit Review. (2019) 1-6. -
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An important advantage is that H2 is already at low temperature, so the o- to p-H2 catalytic conversion is not necessary if the reliquefaction process is properly integrated into the cryogenic LH2 tank.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The ionic compressor 90©, for example, has a flexible range of allowable inlet pressures from 0.6 to 20 MPa and an energy consumption of up to 3.3 kWh/kg H2 with a noise level of 70 dB at a distance of 10 m [133].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [133] [133] Linde, IC90 / 60 Ionic Compressor Compressor module for gaseous hydrogen refueling station, (2021) 2021. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, most commercially available non-mechanical compressors are not suitable for operating at the boiling temperature of H2, which requires a heater to raise the inlet gas temperature.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A metal hydride compressor requires thermal management since its operation is driven by absorption/desorption cycles. Hystorsys compressors use hot and cold water for that purpose. Typical inlet temperatures are 288-298 K (cooling) and 358-368 K (heating).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another likely cause is that the growing interest in LH2 as a fuel or energy carrier is more recent than for LNG., i.e., the H2 industry is technologically less mature than LNG.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of highly porous adsorbents in cryo-adsorption-based storage systems offers a promising alternative for transporting H2 over long distances while achieving high volumetric density that is comparable to LH2 and reducing boil-off losses.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“New non-mechanical compressors with inlet gas temperatures near 20 K may be beneficial in advancing LH2 logistics and, in turn, contribute to the global energy transition.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The authors concluded that increasing convective heat transfer with the surrounding air can reduce the time to reach room temperature by almost 75%.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [144] [144] V. Nicolas, G. Sdanghi, K. Mozet, S. Schaefer, G. Maranzana, A. Celzard, V. Fierro, Numerical simulation of a thermally driven hydrogen compressor as a performance optimization tool, Appl Energy. 323 (2022) 119628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119628. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main problem with H2 reliquefaction systems is the cost of liquefaction.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“LH2 shipping compressors and BOH compressors have already been tested on a 9,000 km journey from the eastern coast of Australia to Kobe Airport Island in Japan in 2020.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Skyre Inc. offers smaller capacity EHCs, about 0.6 kg/day.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, H2 compression will play an important role in the deployment of the hydrogen economy, since many applications of gaseous H2 require high pressures (> 30 MPa).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sdanghi et al. [143] built a proof-of-concept compressor based on thermally driven adsorption/desorption cycles using activated carbons with high BET area (≥ 3,000 m 2 /g).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [143] [143] G. Sdanghi, V. Nicolas, K. Mozet, S. Schaefer, G. Maranzana, A. Celzard, V. Fierro, A 70 MPa hydrogen thermally driven compressor based on cyclic adsorption-desorption on activated carbon, Carbon N Y. 161 (2020) 466-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.099. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Dutch company HyET Hydrogen offers modular designs of electrochemical compressors (EHCs) consisting of various stacks. The more stacks, the higher the compressor capacity.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the space industry, budgetary issues are not a concern, while in reliquefaction systems, for example in stationary applications, it must be considered to what extent reliquefaction can be a cost-effective option.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: In the space industry, budgetary issues are not a concern.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The single-stage turbo compressor was used to ensure that H2 remained at 20 K in liquid form.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If BOH compressors evolve sufficiently from an operational and design standpoint, inserting a heat exchanger in front of the compressor (as in Figure 8) is an alternative way to increase the BOH temperature, allowing compressors to operate at higher temperatures. Nonetheless, this would imply additional energy expenditure.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, as it is the differentiating characteristic of EHCs, the system is able to capture, separate and compress H2 up to 20 MPa from a variety of mixed gas streams such as biogas, natural gas reformate, syngas or effluent from a given industrial process [137].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [137] [137] SKYRE, SKYRE H2RENEW, (2019) 1-2. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adsorption compressors for applications other than H2 compression have already been reported in the literature since the 1980s.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Standard hydrogen metal hydride compressors from Hystorsys can operate with capacities ranging from 1 Nm³/h up to 12 Nm³/h (8.5 to 25.5 kg/day) and achieve pressure levels up to 25 MPa.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [139] [139] HYSTORSYS, HYMEHC hydrogen compressor, (n.d.). https://www.hystorsys.no/mhcompressor/ (accessed September 5, 2022). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Cyclic experiments comprising a cooling and a heating step were performed from an initial pressure of 8 MPa at 77 K to a final pressure of 70 MPa in a single step when heating the compressor to 315 K.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [143] [143] G. Sdanghi, V. Nicolas, K. Mozet, S. Schaefer, G. Maranzana, A. Celzard, V. Fierro, A 70 MPa hydrogen thermally driven compressor based on cyclic adsorption-desorption on activated carbon, Carbon N Y. 161 (2020) 466-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.099. - source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The company offers a broad portfolio of standardized compressors with H2 delivery capacities of up to 900 kg/day at a maximum pressure of 90 MPa and up to 1,344 kg/day at a maximum pressure of 50 MPa [132].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [132] [132] Linde, Linde Hydrogen Fueltech. Tomorrow´s fuel today, (2020). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to their compactness, negligible noise, superior efficiency, lack of wear and moving parts, non-mechanical compressors are considered a potential alternative to traditional mechanical compressors.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The BOH was stored on board after in situ liquefaction in a 116 m-long, 8,000ton cylindrical tank in a 1,250-m 3 double-jacketed, vacuum-insulated, single tank [131].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131] [131] F. La Porta, H. Usuda, Hydrogen compression. Charting a path for hydrogen transportation, 63. (2022). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A centrifugal compressor for BOH, designed by Atlas Copco Gas and Process, was set up to operate at 20 K in this LH2 shipping pilot study conducted by Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but also that H2 poses additional operational challenges, such as material embrittlement or gas seal reliability at this temperature.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This company thus offers a wide variety of standardized EHCs with several H2 flowrate capacities ranging from 2 to 600 kg/day and an outlet pressure of almost 90 MPa [135].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [135] [135] HyET Hydrogen, HyET H2 Compression and Purification systems, (2020). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The US company Air Products is proposing a Cryogenic Hydrogen Compressor (CHC) system with a pump claimed to able to operate with both vapor and liquid phases without the need of an additional compressor [134].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [134] [134] Air Products, The Cryogenic Hydrogen Compressor System. A Low-Cost Way to Meet Your Production Requirements, (2016). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach allows for even higher H2 densities than those achievable by LH2 and extends the dormancy period to higher temperatures than traditional cryogenic tanks.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to HyET Hydrogen, OPEX and CAPEX are very competitive with mechanical compressors: OPEX is around 0.30-0.60 USD/kg H2 and CAPEX between 150 and 300 USD/kg H2/day (compared to a CAPEX of 1000-1500 USD/kg H2/day for mechanical compressors) [136].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] [136] HyET Hydrogen, Cost effective hydrogen processing technologies. Presentation., 2020. (n.d.). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrMVOibGfGA (accessed August 17, 2022). -
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The compressors are based on a flexible and expandable design. Hence, if more H2 delivery capacity is required, additional compression chambers can be added to increase the volumetric capacity[139].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [139] [139] HYSTORSYS, HYMEHC hydrogen compressor, (n.d.). https://www.hystorsys.no/mhcompressor/ (accessed September 5, 2022). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The temperature at which H2 desorption starts depends on the textural properties of the MOFs, resulting in an extended dormancy time for the tank system.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [146] [146] J. Park, J. Ha, R. Muhammad, H.K. Lee, R. Balderas-Xicohtencatl, Y. Cheng, A.J. Ramirez-Cuesta, B. Streppel, M. Hirscher, H.R. Moon, H. Oh, 20 K H2Physisorption on Metal-Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Dormancy Compared to Liquid Hydrogen Storage, ACS Appl Energy Mater. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01907. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, compressing BOH at cryogenic temperatures is a major engineering challenge, not only because current commercial compressors hardly work with fluids at such a low temperature (20 K), but also because of the energy required for possible upstream H2 heating.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOH compressors operating at 20 K do not exist commercially.
In the paper
“They observed that van der Waals interactions between the adsorbate and adsorbent in these MOFs results in superdense H2 adsorption at 20 K, compensating for the space occupied by the adsorbent skeleton, resulting in a volumetric storage capacity comparable to that of LH2 tanks ( ∼ 96 %).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [146] [146] J. Park, J. Ha, R. Muhammad, H.K. Lee, R. Balderas-Xicohtencatl, Y. Cheng, A.J. Ramirez-Cuesta, B. Streppel, M. Hirscher, H.R. Moon, H. Oh, 20 K H2Physisorption on Metal-Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Dormancy Compared to Liquid Hydrogen Storage, ACS Appl Energy Mater. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01907. - source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While mechanical compressors are known to be noisy due to their numerous moving parts, ionic liquid compressors have the lowest noise level among mechanical compressors as they have fewer moving parts and mechanical seals, so they operate almost at isothermal compression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One possible reason is that the boiling temperature of H2 is nearly 90 K lower than that of natural gas”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Deploying LH2 technology in the transportation and energy sector is critical to help decarbonize the global economy.
“Given the critical importance of deploying LH2 technology in the transportation and energy sector to help decarbonize the global economy, in this paper we present a comprehensive review of the LH2 storage issue”
The paper relies on this without support.
The three BOH solutions (zero boil-off, reliquefaction, and compression) are the key strategies to minimize or recover boil-off hydrogen.
“the three different recovery strategies to minimize hydrogen evaporation or recover boil-off hydrogen, namely: zero boiloff, hydrogen reliquefaction, and commercial solutions for boil-off hydrogen compression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Heat leakage into cryogenic tanks will eventually occur, especially when LH2 storage is planned for long periods.
“Despite the technological evolution of cryogenic tanks in terms of thermal insulation and materials used to construct the tanks, heat leakage will eventually occur, especially when LH2 storage is planned for long periods.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Thermal conductivity values of multi-layer insulation can be as low as 10 to 50 μW/mK at temperatures between 20 and 300 K.
“Thermal conductivity values of this insulation mode can be as low as 10 to 50 μW/mK at temperatures between 20 and 300 K.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Regardless of the BOH rate, the need for special design and more robust tank insulation to prevent LH2 evaporation can increase the cost and the weight of the tank and thus reduce the gravimetric energy density of the system.
“Regardless of the BOH rate, the need for special design and more robust tank insulation to prevent LH2 evaporation can increase the cost and the weight of the tank and thus reduce the gravimetric energy density of the system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
BOH compressors operating at 20 K do not exist commercially.
“However, to our knowledge, BOH compressors operating at 20 K do not exist commercially.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the space industry, budgetary issues are not a concern.
“In the space industry, budgetary issues are not a concern”
The paper relies on this without support.
No adsorption compressor is commercially available today.
“To our knowledge, no adsorption compressor is commercially available today.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ 4.3.1. Commercial hydrogen compressors
“standard EHC systems with H2 flow rate delivery of either 10 kg/h or 0.5 kg/h”
§ 4.3.1. Commercial hydrogen compressors
“| Electrochemical | 0.1-10 | 87.5 | up to 0.42 | ≥298”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 4.3.1. Commercial hydrogen compressors
“flowrate capacities ranging from 2 to 600 kg/day”
§ 4.3.1. Commercial hydrogen compressors
“| Electrochemical | 0.3-1.5 | up to 90 | 2, 10, 120-200, 500-2000 | ≥298”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 4.2. Hydrogen reliquefaction
“SEC values below 10 kWh/kg LH2 and EXE values close to 50 % are higher than those of existing H2 liquefaction plants”
§ 4.2. Hydrogen reliquefaction
“the specific energy consumption (SEC) of liquefaction plants is usually around 10-15 kWh/kg LH2”
Citations
Cites
Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications
Schlapbach, L., & Züttel, A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35104634 · Cited by 8,865
Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward
Bui, M., Adjiman, C. S., Bardow, A., Anthony, E. J., Boston, A., Brown, S., Fennell, P. S., Fuss, S., Galindo, A., Hackett, L. A., et al. (2018) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c7ee02342a · Cited by 4,374
An overview of current status of carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies
Leung, D. Y. C., Caramanna, G., & Maroto-Valer, M. M. (2014) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.093 · Cited by 3,198
Encyclopedia of physical science and technology
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-3718 · Cited by 2,099
(2018) · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.03.088 · Cited by 1,832
Z.ttel, A. (2004) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0516-x · Cited by 1,356
Hydrogen storage: Materials, methods and perspectives
Niaz, S., Manzoor, T., & Pandith, A. H. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.011 · Cited by 1,334
Hydrogen storage methods: Review and current status
Usman, M. R. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112743 · Cited by 1,292
(2017) · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.178 · Cited by 1,216
(2020) · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109620 · Cited by 1,160
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Krenn, 2017, Annular Air Leaks in a liquid hydrogen storage tank, IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng, 278, 10.1088/1757-899x/278/1/012065 · DOI · Paper page
- 2017, Kawasaki Heavy industries., Japan's largest liquid hydrogen storage tank, The Intricacies of Keeping Hydrogen at -253°C
- Boeva, 2017, Low-temperature ortho–para hydrogen conversion catalyzed by gold nanoparticles: particle size does not affect the rate, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 42, 22897, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.187 · DOI · Paper page
- Decker, 2020, Liquid hydrogen distribution technology - HYPER closing seminar, Linde, 27
- Hedayat, 2003, Large scale demonstration of liquid hydrogen storage with zero boiloff, 1276, 1276
- Sadaghiani, 2017, Introducing and energy analysis of a novel cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction process configuration, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 42, 6033, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.136 · DOI · Paper page
- Walnum, 2012, Principles for the liquefaction of hydrogen with emphasis on precooling processes, Refrigeration Science and Technology, 273
- Al Ghafri, 2022, Hydrogen liquefaction: a review of the fundamental physics, engineering practice and future opportunities, Energy Environ Sci, 15, 2690, 10.1039/d2ee00099g · DOI · Paper page
- D.L. Ohlig K, Hydrogen liquefaction, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, [n.d].
- Yin, 2020, Process optimization and analysis of a novel hydrogen liquefaction cycle, Int J Refrig, 110, 219, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.11.004 · DOI
- La Porta, 2022, Hydrogen compression, Charting a path for hydrogen transportation, 63
- Park, 2022, 20 K H2Physisorption on metal-organic frameworks with enhanced dormancy compared to liquid hydrogen storage, ACS Appl Energy Mater
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A comprehensive review on the role of hydrogen in renewable energy systems
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Tang, T., & Tang, Y.-L. (2024) · Materials Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.129099 · Cited by 131
Metadata
- Authors
- Morales-Ospino, R., Celzard, A., & Fierro, V.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Fierro, V.
- Venue
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-08
- Volume
- 182
- Pages
- 113360
- ISSN
- 1364-0321 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4377223905
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 26.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 295 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-22-PEHY-0007)
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
- European Regional Development Fund (PEPRH2-SOLHYD, TALiSMAN2)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Hydrogen Storage and Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Phase Change Materials Research
- Keywords
- liquid hydrogen storage, cryogenic storage
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-30, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-30 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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