Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward
Open accessAbstract
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is vital to climate change mitigation, and has application across the economy, in addition to facilitating atmospheric carbon dioxide removal resulting in emissions offsets and net negative emissions. This contribution reviews the state-of-the-art and identifies key challenges which must be overcome in order to pave the way for its large-scale deployment.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
At present, most mature CO2 removal technique for postcombustion streams is chemical absorption with aqueous amines.
“At the present time, and similarly to the case of natural gas processing, the most mature CO2 removal technique for postcombustion streams is chemical absorption with aqueous amines.5,527−529”
From Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [527]
Promising technologies for CCS from postcombustion streams include chemical looping, adsorption, and membrane processes, but these need to be improved to allow wider deployment.
“Apart from the already mature aqueous amine absorption technology for CCS, promising technologies for CCS from postcombustion streams include chemical looping, adsorption, and membrane processes, but these need to be improved in order to allow for wider deployment of CCS processes.472,527,528,542”
From Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [527]
A total of 19 large-scale CCS facilities were in operation in 2019, out of which 10 in natural gas upgrading, 3 in hydrogen production, 2 in fertilizer production, and 2 in power generation.
“A total of 19 large-scale CCS facilities were in operation in 2019, out of which 10 have been implemented in natural gas upgrading, 3 in hydrogen production (precombustion), 2 in fertilizer production, and 2 in power generation (postcombustion).”
From Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [527]
Carbon capture by adsorption may be carried out by pressure-vacuum swing adsorption or temperature swing adsorption techniques.
“Carbon capture by adsorption may be carried out by pressure-vacuum swing adsorption or temperature swing adsorption techniques.527,543”
From Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [527]
Most CCS operating facilities have been implemented in industries where CO2 removal needs to be performed anyway.
“It is noteworthy that most CCS operating facilities have been implemented in industries where CO2 removal needs to be performed anyway.5,527”
From Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [527]
Hydrophilicity of 13X is a great disadvantage that needs to be overcome with process modifications, such as a drying step prior to CO2/N2 separation.
“Nevertheless, its hydrophilicity is a great disadvantage that needs to be overcome with process modifications,461,527 such as a drying step prior to the CO2/N2 separation.553”
From Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [527]
Compared with chemisorbents, energy required for regeneration of 13X will be low.
“Furthermore, compared with chemisorbents, the energy required for its regeneration will be low.”
From Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [527]
Cites
Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change
Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Street-Perrott, F. A., Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (2010) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1053 · Cited by 2,680 · see citing works
Direct Capture of CO2 from Ambient Air
Sanz-Pérez, E. S., Murdock, C. R., Didas, S. A., & Jones, C. W. (2016) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00173 · Cited by 2,406 · see citing works
A Review of CO2 Capture by Absorption and Adsorption
Yu, C.-H., Huang, C.-H., & Tan, C.-S. (2012) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.2012.05.0132 · Cited by 1,730 · see citing works
Cuéllar-Franca, R. M., & Azapagic, A. (2015) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001 · Cited by 1,571 · see citing works
Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids
Brandt, A., Gräsvik, J., Hallett, J. P., & Welton, T. (2013) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c2gc36364j · Cited by 1,557 · see citing works
Self-citationBiophysical and economic limits to negative CO2 emissions
Smith, P., Davis, S. J., Creutzig, F., Fuss, S., Minx, J., Gabrielle, B., Kato, E., Jackson, R. B., Cowie, A., Kriegler, E., et al. (2016) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate2870 · Cited by 1,440 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of CO2 capture and utilization in mitigating climate change
Mac Dowell, N., Fennell, P. S., Shah, N., & Maitland, G. C. (2017) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate3231 · Cited by 1,321 · see citing works
Self-citationA review of mineral carbonation technologies to sequester CO <sub>2</sub>
Sanna, A., Uibu, M., Caramanna, G., Kuusik, R., & Maroto-Valer, M. M. (2014) · Chem. Soc. Rev. · doi:10.1039/c4cs00035h · Cited by 1,194 · see citing works
Couck, S., Denayer, J. F. M., Baron, G. V., Rémy, T., Gascon, J., & Kapteijn, F. (2009) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja900555r · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Energy system transformations for limiting end-of-century warming to below 1.5 °C
Rogelj, J., Luderer, G., Pietzcker, R. C., Kriegler, E., Schaeffer, M., Krey, V., & Riahi, K. (2015) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate2572 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Considering Time in LCA: Dynamic LCA and Its Application to Global Warming Impact Assessments
Levasseur, A., Lesage, P., Margni, M., Deschênes, L., & Samson, R. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es9030003 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Enhanced Weathering: An Effective and Cheap Tool to Sequester Co2
Schuiling, R. D., & Krijgsman, P. (2006) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-005-3485-y · Cited by 403 · see citing works
von der Assen, N., & Bardow, A. (2014) · Green Chem. · doi:10.1039/c4gc00513a · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Self-citationCan BECCS deliver sustainable and resource efficient negative emissions?
Fajardy, M., & Mac Dowell, N. (2017) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c7ee00465f · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Brandão, M., Levasseur, A., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., Weidema, B. P., Cowie, A. L., Jørgensen, S. V., Hauschild, M. Z., Pennington, D. W., & Chomkhamsri, K. (2013) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-012-0451-6 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Carbon dioxide (CO <sub>2</sub> ) as sustainable feedstock for polyurethane production
Langanke, J., Wolf, A., Hofmann, J., Böhm, K., Subhani, M. A., Müller, T. E., Leitner, W., & Gürtler, C. (2014) · Green Chem. · doi:10.1039/c3gc41788c · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Riahi, K., Kriegler, E., Johnson, N., Bertram, C., den Elzen, M., Eom, J., Schaeffer, M., Edmonds, J., Isaac, M., Krey, V., et al. (2015) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.09.016 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Pérez-Fortes, M., Schöneberger, J. C., Boulamanti, A., Harrison, G., & Tzimas, E. (2016) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.199 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Carbon dioxide utilisation for production of transport fuels: process and economic analysis
Dimitriou, I., García-Gutiérrez, P., Elder, R. H., Cuéllar-Franca, R. M., Azapagic, A., & Allen, R. W. K. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c4ee04117h · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Pan, S.-Y., Adhikari, R., Chen, Y.-H., Li, P., & Chiang, P.-C. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.112 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
CO2 extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis
Eisaman, M. D., Parajuly, K., Tuganov, A., Eldershaw, C., Chang, N., & Littau, K. A. (2012) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c2ee03393c · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Economic mitigation challenges: how further delay closes the door for achieving climate targets
Luderer, G., Pietzcker, R. C., Bertram, C., Kriegler, E., Meinshausen, M., & Edenhofer, O. (2013) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034033 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Energy and Climate Impacts of Producing Synthetic Hydrocarbon Fuels from CO <sub>2</sub>
van der Giesen, C., Kleijn, R., & Kramer, G. J. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es500191g · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Life Cycle Assessment of Power-to-Gas: Syngas vs Methane
Sternberg, A., & Bardow, A. (2016) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00644 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of adsorbents for CO<sub>2</sub> capture from waste materials: a review
Olivares‐Marín, M., & Maroto‐Valer, M. M. (2012) · Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ghg.45 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Ecological limits to terrestrial biological carbon dioxide removal
Smith, L. J., & Torn, M. S. (2013) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0682-3 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Effects of water vapour on CO2 capture with vacuum swing adsorption using activated carbon
Xu, D., Xiao, P., Zhang, J., Li, G., Xiao, G., Webley, P. A., & Zhai, Y. (2013) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.06.080 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects
Fuss, S., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., Hilaire, J., Creutzig, F., Amann, T., Beringer, T., de Oliveira Garcia, W., Hartmann, J., Khanna, T., et al. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f · Cited by 1,525 · see citing works
Self-citationZeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects
Pérez-Botella, E., Valencia, S., & Rey, F. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00140 · Cited by 1,126 · see citing works
Data-driven design of metal–organic frameworks for wet flue gas CO2 capture
Boyd, P. G., Chidambaram, A., García-Díez, E., Ireland, C. P., Daff, T. D., Bounds, R., Gładysiak, A., Schouwink, P., Moosavi, S. M., Maroto-Valer, M. M., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1798-7 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent advances in carbon capture storage and utilisation technologies: a review
Osman, A. I., Hefny, M., Abdel Maksoud, M. I. A., Elgarahy, A. M., & Rooney, D. W. (2021) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-020-01133-3 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems
Hansen, K., Breyer, C., & Lund, H. (2019) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.092 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide for post-combustion capture: a review
Raganati, F., Miccio, F., & Ammendola, P. (2021) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c01618 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Climate change mitigation potential of carbon capture and utilization in the chemical industry
Kätelhön, A., Meys, R., Deutz, S., Suh, S., & Bardow, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1821029116 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Self-citationThe renaissance of the Sabatier reaction and its applications on Earth and in space.
Vogt, C., Monai, M., Kramer, G. J., & Weckhuysen, B. M. (2019) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-019-0244-4 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Gabrielli, P., Gazzani, M., & Mazzotti, M. (2020) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06579 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Al Ghafri, S. Z., Munro, S., Cardella, U., Funke, T., Notardonato, W., Trusler, J. P. M., Leachman, J., Span, R., Kamiya, S., Pearce, G., et al. (2022) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d2ee00099g · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Self-citationHong, W. Y. (2022) · Carbon Capture Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100044 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
A proposed global layout of carbon capture and storage in line with a 2 °C climate target
Wei, Y.-M., Kang, J.-N., Liu, L.-C., Li, Q., Wang, P.-T., Hou, J.-J., Liang, Q.-M., Liao, H., Huang, S.-F., & Yu, B. (2021) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-020-00960-0 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Petrovic, B., Gorbounov, M., & Masoudi Soltani, S. (2021) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110751 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Asif, M., Sidra Bibi, S., Ahmed, S., Irshad, M., Shakir Hussain, M., Zeb, H., Kashif Khan, M., & Kim, J. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.145381 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Quantification of CO2 Mineralization at the Wallula Basalt Pilot Project
White, S. K., Spane, F. A., Schaef, H. T., Miller, Q. R. S., White, M. D., Horner, J. A., & McGrail, B. P. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05142 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Review on Reactor Configurations for Adsorption-Based CO <sub>2</sub> Capture
Dhoke, C., Zaabout, A., Cloete, S., & Amini, S. (2021) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04547 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Strategies to recover and minimize boil-off losses during liquid hydrogen storage
Morales-Ospino, R., Celzard, A., & Fierro, V. (2023) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113360 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
CO2 capture by adsorption on biomass-derived activated char: A review.
Goel, C., Mohan, S., & Dinesha, P. (2021) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149296 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Siegelman, R. L., Milner, P. J., Kim, E. J., Weston, S. C., & Long, J. R. (2019) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c9ee00505f · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Power-to-X: A review and perspective.
Palys, M. J., & Daoutidis, P. (2022) · Computers & Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2022.107948 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Carbon Capture Technologies: A Review on Technology Readiness Level
Hekmatmehr, H., Esmaeili, A., Pourmahdi, M., Atashrouz, S., Abedi, A., Ali Abuswer, M., Nedeljkovic, D., Latifi, M., Farag, S., & Mohaddespour, A. (2024) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2024.130898 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Mineralization Technology for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
Hills, C. D., Tripathi, N., & Carey, P. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2020.00142 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Furszyfer Del Rio, D. D., Sovacool, B. K., Foley, A. M., Griffiths, S., Bazilian, M., Kim, J., & Rooney, D. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111885 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Yuan, X., Li, S., Jeon, S., Deng, S., Zhao, L., & Lee, K. B. (2020) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123010 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Wu, Y., & Li, P. (2020) · Geothermal Energy · doi:10.1186/s40517-020-00173-w · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Effects of fly ash properties on carbonation efficiency in CO2 mineralisation
Ji, L., Yu, H., Zhang, R., French, D., Grigore, M., Yu, B., Wang, X., Yu, J., & Zhao, S. (2019) · Fuel Processing Technology · doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.01.015 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Perspective on Intensification of Haber−Bosch to Enable Ammonia Production under Milder Conditions
Lin, B., Nowrin, F. H., Rosenthal, J. J., Bhown, A. S., & Malmali, M. (2023) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06711 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Carbon Dioxide Capture From Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Using Temperature Swing Adsorption
Sharma, S., & Maréchal, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2019.00143 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Li, F., Ke, W., Ding, Z., Bai, J., Zhang, Y., Xu, D., Li, Z., & Guo, X. (2020) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122261 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Maruyama, R. T., Pai, K. N., Subraveti, S. G., & Rajendran, A. (2020) · International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102902 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Kamran, U., Rhee, K. Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, S.-J. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133367 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Decarbonizing lithium-ion battery primary raw materials supply chain
Istrate, R., Mas-Fons, A., Beylot, A., Northey, S., Vaidya, K., Sonnemann, G., Kleijn, R., & Steubing, B. (2024) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2024.10.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Role of mono- and diamines as kinetic promoters in mixed aqueous amine solution for CO2 capture
Xiao, M., Cui, D., Yang, Q., Liang, Z., Puxty, G., Yu, H., Li, L., Conway, W., & Feron, P. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2020.116009 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationKularatne, K., Sissmann, O., Kohler, E., Chardin, M., Noirez, S., & Martinez, I. (2018) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.05.020 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A perspective on biofuels use and CCS for GHG mitigation in the marine sector
Mukherjee, A., Bruijnincx, P., & Junginger, M. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101758 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Efficiency and optimal load capacity of E-Fuel-Based energy storage systems
Tsiklios, C., Schneider, S., Hermesmann, M., & Müller, T. E. (2023) · Advances in Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100140 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Dehydration of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether—Current State and Perspectives
Chmielarz, L. (2024) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal14050308 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Singh, U., Banerjee, S., & Hawkins, T. R. (2023) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02082 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lockley, A., Mi, Z., & Coffman, D. (2019) · Frontiers of Engineering Management · doi:10.1007/s42524-019-0010-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hou, X., Zhong, S., & Zhao, J. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15031183 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bui, M., Adjiman, C. S., Bardow, A., Anthony, E. J., Boston, A., Brown, S., Fennell, P. S., Fuss, S., Galindo, A., Hackett, L. A., Hallett, J. P., Herzog, H. J., Jackson, G., Kemper, J., Krevor, S., Maitland, G. C., Matuszewski, M., Metcalfe, I. S., Petit, C., Puxty, G., Reimer, J., Reiner, D. M., Rubin, E. S., Scott, S. A., Shah, N., Smit, B., Trusler, J. P. M., Webley, P., Wilcox, J., & Mac Dowell, N.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Cranfield University (GB)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (DE)
- Industria Mundum AG
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (GB)
- United States Department of Energy (US)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Colorado School of Mines (US)
- Centre for Environmental Policy
- ORCID
- Bui, Mai
- Adjiman, Claire S.
- Bardow, André
- Anthony, Edward J.
- Boston, Andy
- Brown, Solomon
- Fennell, Paul S.
- Fuss, Sabine
- Galindo, Amparo
- Hallett, Jason P.
- Herzog, Howard J.
- Jackson, George
- Kemper, Jasmin
- Krevor, Samuel
- Maitland, Geoffrey C.
- Metcalfe, Ian S.
- Petit, Camille
- Puxty, Graeme
- Reimer, Jeffrey
- Reiner, David M.
- Rubin, Edward S.
- Scott, Stuart A.
- Shah, Nilay
- Smit, Berend
- Trusler, J. P. Martin
- Webley, Paul
- Wilcox, Jennifer
- Mac Dowell, Niall
- Venue
- Energy & Environmental Science
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1062-1176
- ISSN
- 1754-5692 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-5706
- OpenAlex
- W2784350055
- Cited by
- 4,374
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 600 · 2025: 650 · 2024: 696 · 2023: 585 · 2022: 599 · 2021: 483 · 2020: 453 · 2019: 263 · 2018: 44
- FWCI
- 198.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energy & Environmental Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- CERES (Cranfield University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (654465, 666983)
- Research Councils UK (EP/M001369/1, EP/M015351/1, EP/N024567/1, NE/N016173/1, NE/P019900/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Keywords
- carbon capture and storage, climate change mitigation, carbon dioxide removal, net-negative emissions, large-scale deployment, CO2 sequestration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review