A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of pravastatin as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia patients: Effect on inflammation, psychopathology, cognition and lipid metabolism

Vincenzi, Brenda; Stock, Shannon; Borba, Christina P.C.; Cleary, Sarah M.; Oppenheim, Claire E.; Petruzzi, Liana J.; Fan, Xiaoduo; Copeland, Paul M.; Freudenreich, Oliver; Cather, Corinne; Henderson, David C.

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.021

Cited by 67Schizophrenia research and treatmentTryptophan and brain disordersLipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health

A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of pravastatin as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia patients: Effect on inflammation, psychopathology, cognition and lipid metabolism

Open access

Vincenzi, Brenda, Stock, Shannon, Borba, Christina P.C., Cleary, Sarah M., Oppenheim, Claire E., Petruzzi, Liana J., Fan, Xiaoduo, Copeland, Paul M. +3 more·2014·Schizophrenia Research

DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.021PMC PMC4311769

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the role of pravastatin, as an adjunctive therapy, on inflammatory markers, lipid and glucose metabolism, psychopathology, and cognition in subjects with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.Methods Schizophrenia or schizoaffective subjects (N=60) were randomized to receive either a 12-week supply of pravastatin 40 mg/day or placebo treatment. Anthropometric measures, lipids and glucose metabolism, inflammatory markers, psychopathology and cognitive performance were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks.Results Pravastatin use was associated with a significant decrease in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and LDL particle number levels, but was not associated with any significant changes in cognition or psychopathology in the participants, except a significant decrease in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive symptom score from baseline to week 6. However, this decrease failed to remain significant at 12 weeks. Interestingly, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, LDL particle number, small LDL particle number, large very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle number and C-reactive protein (CRP) followed a similar pattern at 6 and 12 weeks as psychopathology.Conclusions These results suggest that a randomized trial with a larger sample size and a higher dosage of pravastatin would be helpful in further evaluating the anti-inflammatory properties of pravastatin, its association with improvements in cognitive symptoms, and its potential to reduce positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.021

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Studies demonstrate that while no significant differences in efficacy were observed between treatment groups at the end of the study, notable differences in response were evident during the initial weeks of anti-inflammatory treatment.
“The former hypothesis is supported by studies demonstrating that while no significant differences in efficacy were observed between treatment groups at the end of the study, notable differences in response were evident during the initial weeks of anti-inflammatory treatment [48, 49].”
From Inflammatory ratios as predictors of length of hospitalization in psychiatric patients: A multicenter study (2025) · cites this paper as [49]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

A rating scale for depression
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · see citing works
Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge
Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I., & Fredrickson, D. S. (1972) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499 · Cited by 32,423 · see citing works
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 · Cited by 21,378 · see citing works
Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein
Ridker, P. M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A. H., Genest, J., Gotto, A. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Koenig, W., Libby, P., Lorenzatti, A. J., MacFadyen, J. G., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0807646 · Cited by 6,674 · see citing works
The Global Assessment Scale: A Procedure for Measuring Overall Severity of Psychiatric Disturbance
Endicott, J. (1976) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012 · Cited by 4,982 · see citing works
Inflammation, stress, and diabetes
Wellen, K. E., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci25102 · Cited by 4,143 · see citing works
Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women With Elevated C-Reactive Protein
Ridker, P. M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A. H., Genest, J. J., Gotto, A. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Köenig, W., Libby, P., Lorenzatti, A. J., MacFadyen, J. G., et al. (2009) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000344393.60303.0a · Cited by 3,641 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein Levels and Outcomes after Statin Therapy
Ridker, P. M., Cannon, C. P., Morrow, D., Rifai, N., Rose, L. M., McCabe, C. H., Pfeffer, M. A., & Braunwald, E. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa042378 · Cited by 2,292 · see citing works
Dextran sulfate-Mg2+ precipitation procedure for quantitation of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol.
Warnick, G. R., Benderson, J., & Albers, J. J. (1982) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/28.6.1379 · Cited by 2,171 · see citing works
C-reactive Protein
Black, S., Kushner, I., & Samols, D. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r400025200 · Cited by 1,844 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis of Cytokine Alterations in Schizophrenia: Clinical Status and Antipsychotic Effects
Miller, B. J., Buckley, P., Seabolt, W., Mellor, A., & Kirkpatrick, B. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.013 · Cited by 1,742 · see citing works
The Quality of Life Scale: An Instrument for Rating the Schizophrenic Deficit Syndrome
Heinrichs, D. W., Hanlon, T. E., & Carpenter, W. T. (1984) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/10.3.388 · Cited by 1,693 · see citing works
Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events
Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Clearfield, M., Downs, J. R., Weis, S. E., Miles, J. S., & Gotto, A. M. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200106283442601 · Cited by 1,557 · see citing works
The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS): Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations
Andreasen, N. C. (1989) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000291496 · Cited by 1,532 · see citing works
Long-Term Effects of Pravastatin on Plasma Concentration of C-reactive Protein
Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Pfeffer, M. A., Sacks, F. M., & D, E. B. M. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.3.230 · Cited by 1,479 · see citing works
Adipokine dysregulation, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome
Maury, E., & Brichard, S. M. (2010) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.031 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events
Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., & Clearfield, M. B. (2001) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/s1062-1458(01)00460-3 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 2: co-norming and standardization
Kern, R. S., Nuechterlein, K. H., Green, M. F., Baade, L. E., Fenton, W. S., Gold, J. M., Keefe, R. S. E., Mesholam-Gately, R., Mintz, J., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010043 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment: Development of a New Measure of Everyday Functioning for Severely Mentally Ill Adults
Patterson, T., Goldman, S., McKibbin, C. L., Hughs, T., & Jeste, D. V. (2001) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006870 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Automated enzymatic standardized lipid analyses for plasma and lipoprotein fractions
McNamara, J. R., & Schaefer, E. J. (1987) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(87)90188-4 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Inflammation and its Resolution as Determinants of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Libby, P., Tabas, I. A., Fredman, G., & Fisher, E. A. A. (2014) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.114.302699 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Elevated Maternal Interleukin-8 Levels and Risk of Schizophrenia in Adult Offspring
Brown, A. S., Hooton, J. W. L., Schaefer, C. A., Zhang, H., Petkova, E., Babulas, V. P., Perrin, M. A., Gorman, J. M., & Susser, E. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.5.889 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Measurement of lipoprotein subclass profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Otvos, J. D. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Pravastatin sodium activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase independent of its cholesterol-lowering actions
Kaesemeyer, W. H., Caldwell, R. B., Huang, J., & Caldwell, R. W. (1999) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00514-2 · Cited by 343 · cited 2× · see citing works
“We chose to use pravastatin, one of the most extensively studied statins in both primary and secondary prevention trials (del Sol and Nanayakkara, 2008), available in generic form, because it appears to have fewer side effects than other statins such as simvastatin (Kaesemeyer et al., 1999; Ridker et al., 2005a, 2005b…”
BackgroundMethod
C-reactive protein and the biology of disease
Ansar, W., & Ghosh, S. (2013) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-013-8384-0 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
SAFTEE: a technique for the systematic assessment of side effects in clinical trials.
Levine, J., & Schooler, N. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 329 · see citing works
A Review of the Fetal Brain Cytokine Imbalance Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
Meyer, U., Feldon, J., & Yee, B. K. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn022 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation and white matter pathology in schizophrenia: systematic review
Najjar, S., & Pearlman, D. M. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.041 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein Levels in Schizophrenia
Miller, B. J., Culpepper, N. H., & Rapaport, M. H. (2013) · Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses · doi:10.3371/csrp.micu.020813 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Prenatal Infection and Risk for Schizophrenia: IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα Inhibit Cortical Neuron Dendrite Development
Gilmore, J. H., Jarskog, L. F., Vadlamudi, S., & Lauder, J. M. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300446 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Relative Efficacy of Atorvastatin 80 mg and Pravastatin 40 mg in Achieving the Dual Goals of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol <70 mg/dl and C-Reactive Protein <2 mg/l
Ridker, P. M., Morrow, D. A., Rose, L. M., Rifai, N., Cannon, C. P., & D, E. B. M. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.080 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
C-reactive protein is associated with the severity of cognitive impairment but not of psychiatric symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia
Dickerson, F., Stallings, C. R., Origoni, A. E., Boronow, J. J., & Yolken, R. H. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.022 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Increases in CSF levels of interleukin-2 in schizophrenia: effects of recurrence of psychosis and medication status
McAllister, C. G., van Kammen, D. P., Rehn, T., Miller, A. L., Gurklis, J. A., Kelley, M. E., Yao, J., & Peters, J. L. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.9.1291 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Changes in Serum Interleukin-2, -6, and -8 Levels Before and During Treatment With Risperidone and Haloperidol
Zhang, X., Zhou, D. F., Cao, L. Y., Zhang, P. Y., Wu, G. Y., & Shen, Y. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0710 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Elevated serum levels of C-reactive protein are associated with more severe psychopathology in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia
Fan, X., Pristach, C. A., Liu, E. Y., Freudenreich, O., Henderson, D. C., & GOFF, D. C. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.07.011 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citation
Oligodendroglial alterations and the role of microglia in white matter injury: relevance to schizophrenia
Chew, L.-J., Fusar-Poli, P., & Schmitz, T. (2013) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000346157 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Prenatal inflammation and neurodevelopment in schizophrenia: A review of human studies
Miller, B. J., Culpepper, N. H., Rapaport, M. H., & Buckley, P. F. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.03.010 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
CRP after 2004
Agrawal, A. C. (2004) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2004.09.028 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Pooled Analyses of Effects on C-Reactive Protein and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Placebo-Controlled Trials of Ezetimibe Monotherapy or Ezetimibe Added to Baseline Statin Therapy
Pearson, T. A., Ballantyne, C. M., Veltri, E. P., Shah, A. K., Bird, S. R., Lin, J., Rosenberg, E., & Tershakovec, A. M. (2008) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.09.090 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Statins as Modulators of Regulatory T-Cell Biology
Forero-Peña, D. A., & Gutierrez, F. R. S. (2013) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2013/167086 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Effects of a statin group drug, pravastatin, on the insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Güçlü, F., Özmen, B., Hekimsoy, Z., & Kırmaz, C. (2004) · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2004.09.005 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Higher white blood cell counts are associated with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome and more severe psychopathology in non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia
Fan, X., Liu, E. Y., Freudenreich, O., Park, J. H., Liu, D., Wang, J., Yi, Z., GOFF, D. C., & Henderson, D. C. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.1028 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citation
Altered immune function in unaffected first-degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients
Martínez‐Gras, I., García-Sánchez, F., Guaza, C., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., Andres, E. M., Palomo, T., Rubio, G., & Borrell, J. I. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.036 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Immunological Treatment Options for Schizophrenia
Müller, N., Myint, A.-M., & Schwarz, M. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/138920112800784826 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Effects of C‐reactive Protein and Homocysteine on Cytokine Production: Modulation by Pravastatin
Asanuma, Y., Oeser, A. M., Stanley, E. M., Bailey, D. G., Shintani, A., & Stein, C. (2008) · Archives of Drug Information · doi:10.1111/j.1753-5174.2007.00003.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pravastatin: an evidence-based statin?
del Sol, A. I., & Nanayakkara, P. W. B. (2008) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1517/17425255.4.6.821 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

An update on the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents for patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis
Çakici, N., van Beveren, N. J. M., Judge-Hundal, G., Koola, M. M., & Sommer, I. E. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001995 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Treating Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: an Update
Remington, G. J., Foussias, G., Fervaha, G., Agid, O., Takeuchi, H., Lee, J., & Hahn, M. (2016) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-016-0075-8 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Autoimmune Diseases and Psychotic Disorders
Jeppesen, R., & Benros, M. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00131 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The Role of Inflammation in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Fond, G. B., Lançon, C., Korchia, T., Auquier, P., & Boyer, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00160 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Statins and Inflammation: New Therapeutic Opportunities in Psychiatry
Kim, S., Kang, H., Jhon, M., Kim, J., Lee, J., Walker, A. J., Agustini, B., Kim, J., & Berk, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00103 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory agents in treatment of psychotic disorders – A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
Jeppesen, R., Christensen, R. H. B., Pedersen, E. M. J., Nordentoft, M., Hjorthøj, C., Köhler-Forsberg, O., & Benros, M. E. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.028 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Chronic Peripheral Inflammation is Associated With Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia: Results From the Multicentric FACE-SZ Dataset
Bulzacka, E., Boyer, L., Schürhoff, F., Godin, O., Berna, F. S., Brunel, L., Andrianarisoa, M., Aouizerate, B., Capdevielle, D., Chéreau, I., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw029 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Modified Mediterranean Diet for Enrichment of Short Chain Fatty Acids: Potential Adjunctive Therapeutic to Target Immune and Metabolic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia?
Joseph, J., Depp, C. A., Shih, P.-A. B., Cadenhead, K. S., & Schmid‐Schönbein, G. W. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00155 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Constructing the Immune Signature of Schizophrenia for Clinical Use and Research; An Integrative Review Translating Descriptives Into Diagnostics
Kroken, R. A., Sommer, I. E., Steen, V. M., Dieset, I., & Johnsen, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00753 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Inflammation Subtypes and Translating Inflammation-Related Genetic Findings in Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses: A Perspective on Pathways for Treatment Stratification and Novel Therapies
Bishop, J. R., Zhang, L., & Lizano, P. L. (2022) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000321 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Exploring shared genetic bases and causal relationships of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with 28 cardiovascular and metabolic traits
So, H., Chau, K.-L., Ao, F., Mo, C., & Sham, P. C. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001812 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The past and future of novel, non-dopamine-2 receptor therapeutics for schizophrenia: A critical and comprehensive review
Girgis, R. R., Zoghbi, A. W., Javitt, D. C., & Lieberman, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.07.006 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Adjunctive therapy with statins in schizophrenia patients: A meta-analysis and implications
Shen, H., Li, R., Yan, R., Zhou, X., Feng, X., Zhao, M., & Xiao, H. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.018 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Anti-inflammatory medications for the treatment of mental disorders: A scoping review
Fitton, R., Sweetman, J., Heseltine-Carp, W., & van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. (2022) · Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100518 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Autoimmune phenotypes in schizophrenia reveal novel treatment targets
Severance, E. G., Dickerson, F., & Yolken, R. H. (2018) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Putative neuroprotective pharmacotherapies to target the staged progression of mental illness
Robertson, O. D., Coronado, N. G., Sethi, R., Berk, M., & Dodd, S. (2019) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12775 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Association between Serum Lipids and Antipsychotic Response in Schizophrenia
Kim, D. D., Barr, A. M., Fredrikson, D. H., Honer, W. G., & Procyshyn, R. M. (2019) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x17666190228113348 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Simvastatin Augmentation for Patients With Early-Phase Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Sommer, I. E., Gangadin, S. S., de Witte, L. D., Koops, S., van Baal, C. G. C. M., Bahn, S., Drexhage, H. A., van Haren, N. E. M., Veling, W., Bruggeman, R., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab010 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: A Critical Review and The Future
Arıcıoğlu, F., Özkartal, C. Ş., Ünal, G., Dursun, S. M., Çetin, M., & Müller, N. (2016) · Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5455/bcp.20161123044657 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cytokine Imbalance as a Biomarker of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Shnayder, N. A., Khasanova, A. K., Strelnik, A., Al-Zamil, M., Otmakhov, A., Незнанов, Н. Г., Shipulin, G. A., Петрова, М. М., Garganeeva, N. P., & Nasyrova, R. F. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911324 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Molecular and Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Statins in Inflammation and Cancer Therapeutics with Emphasis on the NF-κB, NLRP3 Inflammasome, and Cytokine Regulatory Axes
Khan, S., Huda, B., Bhurka, F., Patnaik, R., & Banerjee, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178429 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Simvastatin adjunct therapy for negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Tajik-Esmaeeli, S., Zadeh, E. M., Abbasi, N., Shariat, S. V., Rezaei, F., Salehi, B., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2016) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000159 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in schizophrenia: are these opportunities for repurposing?
Ansari, Z., Pawar, S. R., & Seetharaman, R. (2021) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2021.2006514 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Impact of statins as immune-modulatory agents on inflammatory markers in adults with chronic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Sabeel, S., Motaung, B., Nguyen, K. A., Ozturk, M., Mukasa, S. L., Wolmarans, K. H., Blom, D. J., Sliwa, K. S., Nepolo, E., Günther, G., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0323749 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Simvastatin as an Adjunctive Therapy to Risperidone in Treatment of Autism: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Zadeh, E. M., Shirzad, F., Karkhaneh-Yousefi, M.-A., Khezri, R., Mohammadi, M.-R., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2017.0055 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Relation of inflammatory markers with symptoms of psychotic disorders: a large cohort study
Liemburg, E. J., Nolte, I. M., Klein, H. C., & Knegtering, H. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Statin add-on therapy in the antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis
Nomura, I., Kishi, T., Ikuta, T., & Iwata, N. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.033 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Update on Statin Treatment in Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Avan, R., Sahebnasagh, A., Hashemi, J., Monajati, M., Faramarzi, F., Henney, N. C., Montecucco, F., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11121365 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Towards precision medicine: What are the stratification hypotheses to identify homogeneous inflammatory subgroups
Ioannou, M., Foiselle, M., Mallet, J., Stam, E. L., Godin, O., Dubertret, C., Terro, E., Sommer, I. E., Haarman, B. C. M., Leboyer, M., et al. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pharmacological Interventions to Treat Antipsychotic-Induced Dyslipidemia in Schizophrenia Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis
Kanagasundaram, P., Lee, J., Prasad, F., Costa-Dookhan, K. A., Hamel, L., Gordon, M., Remington, G. J., Hahn, M., & Agarwal, S. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642403 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Evaluating the clinical and cost effectiveness of a behaviour change intervention for lowering cardiovascular disease risk for people with severe mental illnesses in primary care (PRIMROSE study): study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial
Osborn, D., Burton, A., Walters, K. R., Nazareth, I., Heinkel, S., Atkins, L., Blackburn, R. M., Holt, R. I. G., Hunter, R. M., King, M., et al. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1176-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The regulatory effects of second-generation antipsychotics on lipid metabolism: potential mechanisms mediated by the gut microbiota and therapeutic implications
Chen, H., Cao, T., Zhang, B., & Cai, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1097284 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects of fingolimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist, on white matter microstructure, cognition and symptoms in schizophrenia
Francis, M., Hummer, T. A., Liffick, E., Vohs, J. L., Mehdiyoun, N. F., Visco, A. C., Yang, Z., Kovacs, R. J., Zhang, Y., & Breier, A. F. (2020) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-020-00375-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Statins as an adjuvant therapy for patients with schizophrenia: An up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis
Peng, T., Lin, H.-H., Lee, M., & Chen, S. (2024) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.05.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Quantitative-profiling of neurotransmitter abnormalities in the disease progression of experimental diabetic encephalopathy rat
Zhou, X., Zhu, Q., Han, X., Chen, R., Liu, Y., Fan, H., & Yin, X. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2015-0118 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Statin prescribing for prevention of cardiovascular disease amongst people with severe mental illness: Cohort study in UK primary care
Blackburn, R. M., Osborn, D., Walters, K. R., Nazareth, I., & Petersen, I. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.028 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Immunological Biomarkers as Predictors of Treatment Response in Psychotic Disorders
Orbe, E. B., & Benros, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13091382 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Targeting the Immune System With Pharmacotherapy in Schizophrenia
Melbourne, J. K., Feiner, B., Rosen, C., & Sharma, R. P. (2017) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-017-0114-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Emerging Drugs and Indications for Cardio-Metabolic Disorders in People with Severe Mental Illness
Kouidrat, Y., Amad, A., & Binder, M. D. (2015) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612821666150619093128 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Emerging Treatments in Schizophrenia
Brown, H. E., & Roffman, J. L. (2016) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000101 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Primary care management of cardiovascular risk for people with severe mental illnesses: the Primrose research programme including cluster RCT
Osborn, D., Burton, A., Walters, K. R., Atkins, L., Barnes, T. R. E., Blackburn, R. M., Craig, T., Gilbert, H. M., Gray, B. V., Hardoon, S. L., et al. (2019) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/pgfar07020 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Statin prescribing for people with severe mental illnesses: a staggered cohort study of ‘real-world’ impacts
Blackburn, R. M., Osborn, D., Walters, K. R., Falcaro, M., Nazareth, I., & Petersen, I. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013154 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Peripheral inflammation is associated with impairments of inhibitory behavioral control and visual sensorimotor function in psychotic disorders
Zhang, L., Lizano, P. L., Xu, Y., Rubin, L. H., Lee, A. M., Lencer, R., Reilly, J. L., Keefe, R. S. E., Keedy, S., Pearlson, G. D., et al. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.03.030 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The role of lipids in vitiligo and schizophrenia
Stamu‐O’Brien, C., & Kroumpouzos, G. (2023) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.03.007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pravastatin for lowering lipids
Adams, S. P., Alaeiilkhchi, N., Tasnim, S., & Wright, J. M. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013673.pub2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Anti-inflammatory Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Buchanan, R. W., Weiner, E., Kelly, D. L., Gold, J. M., Chen, S., Zaranski, J., Blatt, F., Wehring, H. J., & Carpenter, W. T. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001253 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Metabolic and clinical effect of alpha-lipoic acid administration in schizophrenic subjects stabilized with atypical antipsychotics: A 12-week, open-label, uncontrolled study
Iannuzzo, F., Basile, G. A., Campolo, D., Genovese, G., Pandolfo, G., Giunta, L., Ruggeri, D., Benedetto, A. D., & Bruno, A. (2022) · Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100116 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Beneficial adjunctive effects of the 5HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron on symptoms, function and cognition in early phase schizophrenia in a double-blind, 2 × 2 factorial design, randomised controlled comparison with simvastatin
Chaudhry, I. B., Husain, M. O., Khoso, A. B., Kiran, T., Husain, M. I., Qurashi, I., Rahman, R.-U., Mehmood, N., Drake, R., Husain, N., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241267836 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Unraveling the potential of neuroinflammation and autophagy in schizophrenia
Tao, H., Wang, C., Zou, C., Zhu, H., & Zhang, W. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177469 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Implications of de novo mutations in guiding drug discovery: A study of four neuropsychiatric disorders
So, H., & Wong, Y. H. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.015 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Augmentation Therapies as Treatments for Coexisting Somatic Problems in Schizophrenia—A Systematic Review
Dróżdż, W., Wiciński, M., Szota, A. M., Szambelan, M., Radajewska, I., Popławski, I., & Wojciechowski, P. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12124012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Comparing the Effects of Adjunct Aspirin and Simvastatin on Psychopathology Among Inpatients With Schizophrenia
Pourghasem, M., Sadighi, G., & Mirabzadeh, A. (2022) · Iranian Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.32598/irj.20.1.962.3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of statin therapies on individuals taking antipsychotics: a systematic review
Ferrell, M. C., Ernst, Z., Ferrell, S. C., Jaiswal, D. D., & Vassar, M. B. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2459/jcm.0000000000001489 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Novel pharmacotherapy targeting the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Capuzzi, E., Caldiroli, A., Quitadamo, C., Butturini, F., Surace, T., Clerici, M., & Buoli, M. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2023.2231346 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Exploring repositioning opportunities and side-effects of statins: a Mendelian randomization study of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition with 55 complex traitsPreprint
So, H., Chau, C. K., & Zhao, K. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/170241 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Inflammatory ratios as predictors of length of hospitalization in psychiatric patients: A multicenter study
(2025) · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02033-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Do the pharmacokinetics of statins explain psychiatric symptom improvement from adjunctive statin prescribing in severe mental illness? Three target trial emulation studies
Launders, N., Richards‐Belle, A., Hardoon, S. L., Man, K. K. C., Wong, I. C. K., Osborn, D., & Hayes, J. (2025) · BMJ Mental Health · doi:10.1136/bmjment-2025-302124 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory drug-assisted treatment of symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis
Li, H., Shen, H., Duan, X., Guo, M., & Liu, X. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-07774-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Healthy lifestyle, metabolomic signature, and risk of late-onset schizophrenia: evidence from the prospective cohort
Guo, X., Yu, G., Wu, S., Jia, T., Sun, Z., Kou, C., & Bai, W. (2026) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-026-00752-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Immunotherapies for Psychotic Disorders
Upthegrove, R., & Deakin, J. F. W. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108539623.007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychiatric symptom improvement from adjunctive statin prescribing in severe mental illness: three target trial emulation studiesPreprint
Launders, N., Richards‐Belle, A., Man, K. K. C., Wong, I. C. K., Osborn, D., & Hayes, J. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.25320829 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Non-verbal cognitive domain functions positively associate with mildly elevated fasting blood glucose in individuals presenting with a psychotic illness
Sivapalan, S. (2017) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3610w799
Shared genetic basis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with cardiometabolic traitsPreprint
So, H. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.3486713
O papel da imunidade na Esquizofrenia
GONÇALVES, A. M., Araújo, C. F., LOPES, D. M., Mattos, E. P. C., & Tavares, J. P. G. D. F. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv7n1-274
In the afterglow: Immune dysfunction in schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Gangadin, S. S. (2024) · doi:10.33612/diss.939086872
Methodological considerations in meta-analysis of statin use as adjunctive therapy for schizophrenia: Insights and limitations
de Araújo, M. B., de Abreu, L. M., Barbosa, J. P. D. S., Nogueira, G. N., Souza, F. G. D. M. E., & Bisol, L. W. (2024) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.06.014
Reversibility of Antipsychotic-Induced Dyslipidaemia: A Narrative Review of Switching Strategies, Dose Reduction and Discontinuation
Adekanmbi, S. A., Arowora, Y., Soetan, Y. O., Andafa, T. W., Njoku, C., & Maruwf, Z. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.118714

P.3.b.004 Morbidity of thyroid dysfunction, diabetes or dyslipidemia in schizophrenic inpatients between 2012 and 2013
Sáenz, B. M., Guillena, S. L. R., & de Diego, B. O. P. G. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(14)70788-6
Statins as an Adjuvant Therapy for Psychotic Disorders: Current Evidence with a Systematic Overview of Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials
Postma, T. S., Nasib, L. G., Schutte, M. J. L., Bohlken, M. M., Martens, P., Hag, E. V., Veerman, S. R. T., Begemann, M., Sommer, I. E., 9, O., et al. (2017) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Simvastatin augmentation for recent-onset psychotic disorder: A study protocol
Begemann, M., Schutte, M. J. L., Slot, M. I. E., Doorduin, J., Bakker, P. R., van Haren, N. E. M., & Sommer, I. E. (2015) · BBA Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.06.007 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Statins as an adjuvant therapy for patients with schizophrenia: An up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis
Peng, T., Lin, H.-H., Lee, M., & Chen, S. (2024) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.05.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Add-on clinical effects of simvastatin and ondansetron in patients with schizophrenia stabilized on antipsychotic treatment: pilot study
Chaudhry, I. B., Husain, N., Drake, R., Dunn, G., Husain, M. O., Kazmi, A., Hamirani, M. M., Rahman, R., Stirling, J., & Deakin, J. F. W. (2013) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125313511487 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Authors: Vincenzi, B., Stock, S., Borba, C. P. C., Cleary, S. M., Oppenheim, C. E., Petruzzi, L. J., Fan, X., Copeland, P. M., Freudenreich, O., Cather, C., & Henderson, D. C.
Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
College of the Holy Cross (US)
Harvard University (US)
University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
Corresponding author: Henderson, David C.
ORCID: Stock, Shannon
Borba, Christina P.C.
Oppenheim, Claire E.
Petruzzi, Liana J.
Fan, Xiaoduo
Freudenreich, Oliver
Cather, Corinne
Henderson, David C.
Venue: Schizophrenia Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-11
Volume: 159
Issue: 2-3
Pages: 395-403
ISSN: 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.021
PMC: PMC4311769
OpenAlex: W2080339547
Cited by: 67
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 4.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH082098, K01MH100428)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Keywords: pravastatin, schizophrenia
MeSH terms: Adult, Anticholesteremic Agents, Cognition Disorders, Drug Synergism, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Treatment Outcome, Pravastatin, Lipid Metabolism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of pravastatin as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia patients: Effect on inflammation, psychopathology, cognition and lipid metabolism

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks