Glutamate as a mediating transmitter for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: A 1H MRS study
Abstract
This is a (1)H MR spectroscopy (MRS) study of glutamate (Glu), measured as Glx, levels in temporal and frontal lobe regions in patients with schizophrenia compared with a healthy control group with the objective of revealing aspects of the underlying neurochemistry of auditory hallucinations. We further compared and correlated Glu(Glx) levels for the patients-only against frequency and severity of auditory hallucinations and the sum of Positive symptoms, and also for frequency and severity of emotional withdrawal, and sum of Negative symptoms. The sample included 23 patients with an ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, and 26 healthy control subjects without any known psychiatric or neurological disorders. Symptom scores were obtained from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). (1)H MRS data were acquired on a 3T MR scanner from two temporal and two frontal voxels, using standard sequences and analysis parameters. The results showed that schizophrenia patients as a group had reduced Glu(Glx) levels in the voxels of interest compared to the healthy control subjects, while increased levels were found for patients with frequent and severe auditory hallucinations, relative to patients with less frequent and severe hallucination. We further found significant positive correlations between frequency and severity of auditory hallucinations, and for sum Positive symptoms, and Glu(Glx) levels in all regions, not seen when the analysis was done for negative symptoms. It is concluded that the results show for the first time that glutamate may be a mediating factor in auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia.
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Frontal-temporal Glx levels positively correlate with hallucination severity, but not with negative symptoms.
“A significant positive correlation was also found between frontal-temporal Glx levels and hallucination severity (assessed with item P3 from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, PANSS), while correlations with negative symptoms were close to zero.”
From Are hallucinations due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory influences on the brain? (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
Hugdahl et al. demonstrated reduced Glx levels in the posterior temporal lobe and inferior frontal gyrus of schizophrenia participants relative to healthy controls.
“Hugdahl et al 51 demonstrated reduced Glx levels (ie, the sum of Glu and Glutamine, Gln) in the posterior temporal lobe and the inferior frontal gyrus of SCZ participants relative to healthy controls.”
From Are hallucinations due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory influences on the brain? (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
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Spectral fitting using basis set modified by measured B0 field distribution
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A life in academia: My career in brief
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Neural activity precedes conscious awareness of being in or out of a transient hallucinatory statePreprint
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- Authors
- Hugdahl, K., Craven, A. R., Nygård, M., Løberg, E.-M., Berle, J. Ø., Johnsen, E., Kroken, R., Specht, K., Andreassen, O. A., & Ersland, L.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Hugdahl, Kenneth
- ORCID
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 252-260
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2155257635
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 4.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- ERC (249516)
- RCN FRIBIOMED (807698)
- RCN (134088/320, 222373)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- glutamate
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Male, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Protons, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Schizophrenia, Glutamic Acid
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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