Abnormalities in sleep patterns in individuals at risk for psychosis and bipolar disorder
Open accessAbstract
Aim To compare patterns of sleep and the presence of sleep disturbances in individuals in at-risk mental states (ARMS) for psychosis and bipolar disorder (BD) with a healthy control (HC) group.Methods This was a comparative study involving 20 individuals in ARMS for psychosis or BD, according to the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States, and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Quality of sleep in the previous month was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, diurnal somnolence was evaluated using The Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and chronotype was determined using the Questionnaire of Morningness/Eveningness (QME). All of the participants underwent polysomnography (PSG) during the entire night for two consecutive nights. The first night aimed to adapt the subject to the environment, and only the data from the second night were used for the analysis.Results Compared with the HC group, individuals in the ARMS group reported significantly worse sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Both groups had scores consistent with daytime sleepiness on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and there were no differences with regard to chronotype between the groups, with a predominance of the indifferent type in both groups. In the PSG assessment, we observed increased Sleep Latency (SL) and increased Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Onset Latency (REMOL) in the ARMS group, compared to the HC group.Conclusion The results of this study indicated that sleep abnormalities could be found early in the course of mental diseases, even in at-risk stages, and support the further investigation of their predictive value in the transition to psychosis and BD.
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Sleep recording studies have identified longer sleep onset latency, reduced sleep efficiency, and increased circadian rhythm disturbance in individuals at risk of psychosis compared to non-clinical controls.
“sleep recording studies have identified a range of specific sleep abnormalities in individuals at-risk of psychosis, including longer sleep onset latency, reduced sleep efficiency, and increased circadian rhythm disturbance in comparison to non-clinical controls (Lunsford-Avery et al., 2015; Zanini et al., 2015).”
From Sleep duration and psychotic experiences in patients at risk of psychosis: a secondary analysis of the EDIE-2 trial (2019) · cites this paper as Zanini et al., 2015
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Mahdavi, A., Qin, Y., Aubry, A.-S., Cornec, D., Kulikova, S. P., & Pinault, D. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.029 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“, 2012) but also in individuals having a high-risk mental state for developing a transition to psychotic and bipolar disorders (Zanini et al., 2015).”
BackgroundLunsford‐Avery, J. R., Dean, D. J., & Mittal, V. A. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.025 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Sleep disturbances are also observed in at-risk youth (Castro et al., 2013; Castro et al., 2015; Lunsford-Avery et al., 2015; Lunsford-Avery and Mittal, 2013; Lunsford-Avery et al., 2013; Zanini et al., 2013; Zanini et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMilosavljevic, S., Smith, A. A., Wright, C. J., Valafar, H., & Pocivavsek, A. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02399-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“and overall sleep quality could ameliorate commonly reported sleep problems in SCZ and BPD 12 patients (58-67).”
BackgroundRentschler, K. M., Baratta, A. M., Ditty, A. L., Wagner, N. T. J., Wright, C. J., Milosavljevic, S., Mong, J. A., & Pocivavsek, A. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab029 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Overview of the Gut–Brain Axis: From Gut to Brain and Back Again
Post, Z., Manfready, R. A., & Keshavarzian, A. (2023) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1771464 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Khoueiry, C. E., Cabungcal, J.-H., Rovó, Z., Fournier, M., Kim, Q., & Steullet, P. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01425-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Sleep disturbance constitutes one hallmark of prodromal features preceding a first psychotic episode [56, 57].”
BackgroundBalcioglu, S. S. K., Balcıoğlu, Y. H., & Balaban, Ö. D. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1974029 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Fekih-Romdhane, F., Hallit, S., Cheour, M., & Jahrami, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1011963 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“(32) did not find significant differences in the polysomnographic sleep efficiency percentages, WASO scores, and total sleep time and of UHR participants relative to controls.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMansur, R. B., Brietzke, E. M., McIntyre, R. S., Cao, B., Lee, Y., Japiassú, L., Chen, K., Lu, R., Lu, W., Li, T., et al. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12822 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Czekus, C., Steullet, P., López, A. O., Bozic, I., Rusterholz, T., Bandarabadi, M., Kim, Q., & Herrera, C. G. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01700-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Changes in the slow-wave activity (SWA) during NREM sleep suggested a lack of integrity of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms in SZ, as revealed by impaired homeostatic regulation of sleep after sleep deprivation [3, 6, 20].”
BackgroundSleep abnormalities in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis
Mayeli, A., LaGoy, A. D., Donati, F. L., Kaskie, R. E., Najibi, S. M., & Ferrarelli, F. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sleep, sleep spindles, and cognitive functions in drug-naive patients with first-episode psychosis
Yazıhan, N., & Yetki̇n, S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.8776 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“pathophysiology of the disorder.(2,54,59) In previous studies, negative correlations were obtained between negative symptoms and slow-wave sleep in never-medicated patients with schizophrenia and those who discontinued medication.”
Sleep disturbances in early clinical stages of psychotic and bipolar disorders: A meta-analysis
Dondé, C., Jaffiol, A., Khouri, C., Pouchon, A., Tamisier, R., Lejoyeux, M., d’Ortho, M., Polosan, M., & Geoffroy, P. A. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211068395 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…in nine studies among which one used actigraphy (Lunsford-Avery et al., 2015) and eight used polysomnography recordings (Forest et al., 2007; Guenole et al., 2014; Kaskie et al., 2019; Manoach et al., 2014; Poulin et al., 2003; Riemann et al., 1995; Yazihan and Yetkin, 2020; Zanini et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLunsford‐Avery, J. R., Falls, A., Cary, S., & Duke, N. N. (2024) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-024-00300-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Only a handful of PSG studies have examined sleep disturbances in adolescents at CHR. Increased SOL [99] and WASO [100] have been observed.”
Qin, Y., Mahdavi, A., Bertschy, M., Anderson, P., Kulikova, S. P., & Pinault, D. (2022) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15845 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
O’Hora, K., Zhang, Z., Vajdi, A., Kushan, L., Huang, Z. S., Pacheco-Hansen, L., Roof, E., Holland, A. J., Gur, R. C., & Bearden, C. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.868536 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Clozapine-induced esophagitis at therapeutic dose: a case report
Javelot, H., Michel, B., Kumar, D., & Audibert, B. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1787 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Schizotypy, Lifestyle Behaviors, and Health Indicators in a Young Adult Sample
Dinzeo, T. J., & Thayasivam, U. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11120179 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ortiz, A., Brádler, K., Radu, L. M., Alda, M., & Rusak, B. (2016) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12372 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“A recent study found that individuals at high risk of developing BD or psychotic disorders have disrupted sleep, increased daytime sleepiness and increased REM onset latency compared to matched controls (37).”
BackgroundFunctional Connectivity of White Matter and Its Association with Sleep Quality
Jiang, C., Cai, S., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s406120 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ristanovic, I., Haase, C. M., Lunsford‐Avery, J. R., & Mittal, V. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.038 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Furthermore, studies utilizing objective measures of sleep such as actigraphy, polysomnography, and electroencephalogram demonstrate significant sleep disturbances are present prior to psychosis onset (Clarke et al., 2021; Mayeli et al., 2021; Zanini et al., 2015).”
BackgroundChronotype and Childhood Psychiatric Disorders
Kesikbaş, B. B., Özcan, G. G., Sarı, M., İmrek, Y., Taşkan, M., Öztürk, Y., & Tufan, A. E. (2021) · Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi / Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.4274/tjcamh.galenos.2021.57441 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Formica, M., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Hickie, I. B., OLIVE, L. S., Wood, S. J., Purcell, R., Yung, A. R., Phillips, L., Nelson, B., Pantelis, C., et al. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.07.019 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“UHR individuals exhibit both increased objective and subjective sleep disturbances similar to those with established psychotic disorders (Castro et al., 2015; Lederman et al., 2018; Lunsford-Avery et al., 2015; Poe et al., 2017; Zanini et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCioffi, L., Wein, P. Y., Miller, S. A., Fagan, S., Ozomaro, B., Glisker, R., Ospina, L. H., & Kimhy, D. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116235 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Waite, F., Evans, S., Rebello, A., Sharpe, T., Otaiku, J., Iredale, E., Kabir, T., Černis, E., & Freeman, D. H. (2025) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Sleep problems are common both in patients with persistent psychosis (Freeman et al., 2019) and in young people at high risk for psychosis (Poe et al., 2017; Zanini et al., 2015), with estimates of prevalence in the at risk group of up to 75%.”
Mayeli, A., Wilson, J. D., Donati, F. L., & Ferrarelli, F. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115756 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Circadian rhythm disturbances and conversion to psychosis in ultra high-risk youth
Gonçalves, B., de Castro, J. P. M. V., Zanini, M. A., Bittencourt, L., Gadelha, A., da Cunha, G. R., Coelho, F. M. S., Tufik, S., Bressan, R. A., & Brietzke, E. M. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1859 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Czekus, C., Steullet, P., Rusterholz, T., Bozic, I., Bandarabadi, M., Do, K., & Herrera, C. G. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453026 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lafond-Brina, G., & Bonnefond, A. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120259 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yıldız, E., Elboğa, G., Uytun, M. Ç., Yılmaz, R., Selvı, Y., Ulusal, H., Çelik, E., Şahpolat, M., Yildiz, Z., Hurşıtoğlu, O., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100406 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sleep and Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Bipolar Disorder
Nixon, A., Huỳnh, C., Godbout, R., & Robillard, R. (2017) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-017-0085-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A mixed methods examination of insomnia in early psychosis
Davies, G. (2017) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
Ruíz-Grosso, P., Tomateo-Torvisco, D., Valencia, A., & Vega‐Dienstmaier, J. M. (2018) · Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría · doi:10.20453/rnp.v81i1.3273
“grupo de pacientes es relevante por su relación estrecha con su calidad de vida, con un efecto tanto directo como mediado por su impacto en el funcionamiento cognitivo y ánimo, apareciendo comúnmente en la fase prodrómica y descompensaciones dentro del curso de la enfermedad (5-10).”
BackgroundPinault, D. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2005.01356
“, 2012) but also in individuals having a high-risk mental state for developing a transition to psychotic and bipolar disorders (Zanini et al., 2015).”
BackgroundZhang, Z., Vajdi, A., Kushan, L., Huang, Z. S., Pacheco-Hansen, L., Roof, E., Holland, A. J., Port, A. M., Gur, R. C., & Bearden, C. E. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-131462/v2
Cunha, G., Asevedo, E., Brietzke, E., Bressan, R., & Gadelha, A. (2019) · Handbook of Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome Across Cultures · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17336-4_14
Tikka, S. K., & Garg, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0123-1_20
Cirurgia bariátrica em pessoas com esquizofrenia
Ferreira, A. C. (2020) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2020.1162032
Karaağaç, M., & Gıca, Ş. (2024) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2024.2439932
“Nevertheless, the lack of a relationship between chron-otype and psychosis in individuals with psychotic disorders or those at risk for psychosis has also been reported (Ahn et al. 2008; Zanini et al. 2015).”
Psychosocial Interventions and Latent Bipolar Disorder
Keramatian, K., Morton, E., & Gelineau, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01297-5_17
Sleep and psychosis: An integrative review of conceptual and neurophysiological associations
Cui, Z., & Fan, L. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111895
- Authors
- Zanini, M. A., Castro, J., Cunha, G. R., Asevedo, E., Pan, P. M., Bittencourt, L., Coelho, F. M., Tufik, S., Gadelha, A., Bressan, R. A., & Brietzke, E.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Brietzke, Elisa
- ORCID
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 262-267
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2211664568
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 0.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, clinical high risk for psychosis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Bipolar Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep Wake Disorders, Case-Control Studies, Polysomnography, Statistics, Nonparametric, Young Adult
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