Using hair, nail and urine samples for human exposure assessment of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Abstract
Non-invasive samples present ethical and practical benefits for investigating human exposure to hazardous contaminants, but analytical challenges and difficulties to interpret the results limit their application in biomonitoring. Here we investigated the potential for using hair, nail and urine samples as a measure of internal exposure to an array of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in two populations with different exposure conditions. Paired urine-serum measurements of PFASs from a group of highly exposed fishery employees displayed strong correlations for PFASs with three to eight perfluorinated carbons (ρ > 0.653; p < 0.01). Consistent statistical correlations and transfer ratios in nails and hair from both populations demonstrated that these non-invasive samples can be used as a measure of internal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and C8 chlorinated polyfluoralkyl ether sulfonic acid (C8 Cl-PFESA). Contrastingly, the infrequent detections and/or lack of consistent transfer ratios for perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and short-chain PFASs in hair and nail samples indicate passive uptake from the external environment rather than uptake and internal distribution. Collectively, the study supports the use of urine samples as a valid measure of internal exposure for a range of short- and medium-chain PFASs, while the validity of nail and hair samples as a measure of internal exposure may vary for different PFASs and populations. The ubiquitous detection of C8 Cl-PFESA in all sample matrices from both populations indicates widespread exposure to this contaminant of emerging concern in China.
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Various extraction methods such as SLE, LLE, IPE, alkaline digestion and acetonitrile protein precipitation have been investigated for clean-up of multiple coexisting matrices.
“Various extraction methods such as SLE, LLE, IPE, alkaline digestion and acetonitrile protein precipitation have been investigated for clean-up of multiple coexisting matrices [79,80,85,87].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [79]
6:2 Cl-PFESA was detected in 88%-95% of urine, hair and nail samples evaluated in two populations with different exposure conditions.
“6:2 Cl-PFESA was detected in 88%e95% of samples.”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [79]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Wang, Y., Shi, Y., Vestergren, R., Zhou, Z., Liang, Y., & Cai, Y.
- Affiliations
- Hebei University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (CN)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Jianghan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Cai, Yaqi
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 636
- Pages
- 383-391
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2800848211
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21537004, 21677154, 21722705, 21777182)
- Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas (2014-514)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB14010201)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, hair samples, urine samples, internal radiation exposure, transfer ratio, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, short-chain PFASs, fishermen, emerging contaminants
- MeSH terms
- China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Hair, Humans, Nails, Sulfonic Acids
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