Flux of Perfluorinated Chemicals through Wet Deposition in Japan, the United States, And Several Other Countries
Abstract
The widespread distribution of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in different environmental matrices has prompted concern about the sources, fate, and transport of these classes of chemicals. PFCs are present in the atmosphere, but only a few studies have investigated their occurrence in precipitation. In this study, concentrations of 20 PFCs, including C3-C5 short-chain PFCs, were quantified using HPLC-MS/MS in precipitation samples from Japan (n = 31), the United States (n = 12), China (n = 5), India (n = 2), and France (n = 2). Among the PFCs measured, perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA) was detected in all of the precipitation samples. Average total PFC concentrations ranged from 1.40 to 18.1 ng/L for the seven cities studied. The greatest total PFC concentrations were detected in Tsukuba, Japan, whereas the lowest concentrations were detected in Patna, India. PFPrA, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were found to be the dominant PFCs in Japanese and U.S. precipitation samples. No observable seasonal trend was found in precipitation samples from two locations in Japan. Annual fluxes of PFCs were estimated for Japan and the U.S. and the evidence for precipitation as an effective scavenger of PFCs in the atmosphere is reported.
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In a three-year seasonal study in the United States and Japan, no distinguishable seasonal trend was observed in precipitation samples.
“precipitation samples were collected and studied over the course of three years in the United States and Japan, however, no distinguishable seasonal trend was observed.”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2010
Higher concentrations of PFAS were observed under low precipitation conditions.
“higher concentrations of PFAS were observed under low precipitation conditions.”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2010
Seasonal variations were observed for snow and precipitation matrices in many studies.
“Seasonal variations were observed for these matrices in many studies (Kwok et al., 2010; Zhao et al. 2013).”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Kwok, K. Y., Taniyasu, S., Yeung, L. W. Y., Murphy, M. B., Lam, P. K. S., Horii, Y., Kannan, K., Petrick, G., Sinha, R. K., & Yamashita, N.
- Affiliations
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Lam, Paul K. S.
- Yamashita, Nobuyoshi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2010-08-26
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 7043-7049
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2058432618
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, wet deposition, precipitation, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, atmospheric scavenging, seasonal variation
- MeSH terms
- Atmosphere, China, Fluorocarbons, France, India, Japan, Rain, Seasons, United States, Internationality
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