RETRACTED: Mobilization of contaminants: Potential for soil remediation and unintended consequences
Open accessAbstract
Land treatment has become an essential waste management practice. Therefore, soil becomes a major source of contaminants including organic chemicals and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) which enter the food chain, primarily through leaching to potable water sources, plant uptake, and animal transfer. A range of soil amendments are used to manage the mobility of contaminants and subsequently their bioavailability. Various soil amendments, like desorbing agents, surfactants, and chelating agents, have been applied to increase contaminant mobility and bioavailability. These mobilizing agents are applied to increase the contaminant removal though phytoremediation, bioremediation, and soil washing. However, possible leaching of the mobilized pollutants during soil washing is a major limitation, particularly when there is no active plant uptake. This leads to groundwater contamination and toxicity to plants and soil biota. In this context, the present review provides an overview on various soil amendments used to enhance the bioavailability and mobility of organic and inorganic contaminants, thereby facilitating increased risk when soil is remediated in polluted areas. The unintended consequences of the mobilization methods, when used to remediate polluted sites, are discussed in relation to the leaching of mobilized contaminants when active plant growth is absent. The toxicity of targeted and non-targeted contaminants to microbial communities and higher plants is also discussed. Finally, this review work summarizes the existing research gaps in various contaminant mobilization approaches, and prospects for future research.
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Remediation of contamination in terrestrial and aquatic environments can be achieved by inhibiting the mobility and bioavailability of contaminants or by mobilizing contaminants to facilitate their removal through leaching, plant uptake, and biodegradation.
“Remediation of contamination in terrestrial and aquatic environments can be achieved by inhibiting the mobility and bioavailability of contaminants or, conversely, by mobilizing contaminants to facilitate their removal through leaching, plant uptake, and biodegradation (Kumar et al. 2022;Sullivan et al. 2021;Pariatamby & Kee 2016).”
From Sustainable management of post-phytoremediation biomass (2025) · cites this paper as Kumar et al. 2022
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredImmobilization may reduce bioavailability but contaminants may persist and eventually become remobilized through soil and plant interactions, so regular monitoring is required for long-term remediation.
“While the immobilization approach may reduce the bioavailability of contaminants, they may persist in the environment and eventually become remobilized through soil and plant interactions; hence, regular monitoring is required to achieve long-term remediation (Kumar et al. 2022;Palansooriya et al. 2020).”
From Sustainable management of post-phytoremediation biomass (2025) · cites this paper as Kumar et al. 2022
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- Bhandari, G., Prakash, O., 2022. In: Suyal, D.C., Soni, R. (Eds.), Role of Chelating Compounds in Biodegradation and Bioremediation. Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants: Emerging Trends and Strategies. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 295-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86169-8_13. · DOI
- Duan, C., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Ju, W., Zhang, Z., Cui, Y., Beiyuan, J., Fan, Q., Wei, S., Li, S., Fang, L., 2022. Microbial metabolic limitation of rhizosphere under heavy metal stress: evidence from soil ecoenzymatic stoichiometry. Environ. Pollut. 300, 118978. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118978. · DOI
- Guarino, C., Zuzolo, D., Marziano, M., Conte, B., Baiamonte, G., Morra, L., Benotti, D., Gresia, D., Stacul, E.R., Cicchella, D., Sciarrillo, R., 2019. Investigation and assessment for an ef- fective approach to the reclamation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) contam- inated site: SIN bagnoli. Italy Sci. Rep. 9 (1), 1-12.
- Purwanti, I.F., Kurniawan, S.B., Tangahu, B.V., Rahayu, N.M., 2017. Bioremediation of triva- lent chromium in soil using bacteria. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 12 (20), 9346-9350.
- Yu, L., Brandão, M., Khan, M.F., Achari, G., 2018. Remediation of sulfolane impacted soil by integrating soil washing/flushing and advanced oxidation process. Proceedings of the 2018 CSCE Annual Conference, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
RETRACTED: Biochar modulating soil biological health: A review
Bolan, S., Sharma, S., Mukherjee, S., Kumar, M., Rao, C. S., Nataraj, K. C., Singh, G., Vinu, A., Bhowmik, A., Sharma, H., et al. (2024) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169585 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationRetractedPadhye, L. P., Srivastava, P., Jasemizad, T., Bolan, S., Hou, D., Shaheen, S. M., Rinklebe, J., O’Connor, D., Lamb, D., Wang, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131575 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationKumari, S., Agarwal, S., Kumar, M., Sharma, P., Kumar, A., Hashem, A., Alotaibi, N. H., Abd-Allah, E. F., & Garg, M. C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87274-3 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationSustainable management of post-phytoremediation biomass
Mukherjee, S., Leri, A. C., Bandaranayaka, C., Vázquez-Núñez, E., Barros, R., Khan, A. H. A., Zhou, P., Zhang, T., Bernal, M. P., Clemente, R., et al. (2025) · Energy, Ecology and Environment · doi:10.1007/s40974-025-00364-w · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…immobilization approach may reduce the bioavailability of contaminants, they may persist in the environment and eventually become remobilized through soil and plant interactions; hence, regular monitoring is required to achieve long-term remediation (Kumar et al. 2022; Palan-sooriya et al. 2020).”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Kumar, M., Bolan, N., Jasemizad, T., Padhye, L. P., Sridharan, S., Singh, L., Bolan, S., O'Connor, J., Zhao, H., Shaheen, S. M., Song, H., Siddique, K. H. M., Wang, H., Kirkham, M. B., & Rinklebe, J.
- Affiliations
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (IN)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- University of Wuppertal (DE)
- Sejong University (KR)
- Zhejiang A & F University (CN)
- Kansas State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bolan, Nanthi
- Rinklebe, Jörg
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-09
- Volume
- 839
- Pages
- 156373
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4281734923
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 326
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 12
- FWCI
- 5.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Update notices
- Open access
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IR@NEERI (CSIR-URDIP) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants
- Keywords
- contaminant mobilization, soil remediation, soil amendment, potentially toxic elements, organic pollutants, bioavailability, contaminant leaching, groundwater contamination, phytoremediation, bioremediation, soil washing, surfactants, chelating agents, unintended consequences, phytotoxicity, microbial toxicity, food chain contamination
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biodegradation, Environmental, Organic Chemicals, Plants, Soil, Soil Pollutants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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