Empathy, gender, and prosocial behavior
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Studies found that the relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior was moderated by gender.
“studies found that the relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior was moderated by gender [37].”
From The Relationship between Empathy and Attachment in Children and Adolescents: Three-Level Meta-Analyses. (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Cites
A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation
Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355399556151 · Cited by 11,264 · see citing works
Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach.
Davis, M. H. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113 · Cited by 10,272 · see citing works
(1984) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 6,312 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Preferences
Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.47.2.448 · Cited by 5,694 · see citing works
(1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,712 · see citing works
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00715 · Cited by 4,555 · see citing works
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 4,313 · see citing works
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022607.19833.00 · Cited by 4,093 · see citing works
Understanding Social Preferences with Simple Tests
Charness, G., & Rabin, M. (2002) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355302760193904 · Cited by 3,970 · see citing works
Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093535 · Cited by 3,929 · see citing works
The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91 · Cited by 2,672 · see citing works
Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach
Davis, M. H. (1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2454 · Cited by 2,442 · see citing works
Lamm, C., Decety, J., & Singer, T. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014 · Cited by 2,016 · see citing works
Baron‐Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x · Cited by 1,970 · see citing works
Davis, M. H. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429493898 · Cited by 1,859 · see citing works
Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J. P., Stephan, K. E., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04271 · Cited by 1,726 · see citing works
Which is the fair sex? Gender differences in altruism.
Andreoni, J., & Vesterlund, L. (2001) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355301556419 · Cited by 1,427 · see citing works
Sex differences in empathy and related capacities.
Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.100 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
The neuroscience of empathy: Progress, pitfalls and promise
Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3085 · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
Inequality Aversion, Efficiency, and Maximin Preferences in Simple Distribution Experiments
Engelmann, D., & Strobel, M. (2004) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/0002828042002741 · Cited by 1,191 · see citing works
Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behavior in Dictator Games: Reply
Hoffman, E. N., McCabe, K., & Smith, V. L. S. (1999) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.89.1.340 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
These things called empathy: Eight related but distinct phenomena.
Batson, C. (2009) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0002 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues.
Hall, J. A. (1978) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.4.845 · Cited by 1,142 · see citing works
Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior
Christov-Moore, L., Simpson, E. A., Coudé, G., Grigaityte, K., Iacoboni, M., & Ferrari, P. F. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
McClure, E. B. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.424 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
Neuroeconomics: decision making and the brain
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-5702 · Cited by 1,020 · see citing works
The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global
Cocks, J. (2006) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s153759270631047x · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behavior in Dictator Games
Hoffman, E. N., McCabe, K., & Smith, V. L. S. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511528347.009 · Cited by 989 · see citing works
Johnson, N. D., & Mislin, A. A. (2011) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.05.007 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Virginia Held,The ethics of care: Personal, political, and global(Oxford University Press, 2006)
Mahowald, M. B. (2009) · International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics · doi:10.2979/fab.2009.2.1.177 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Is there a core neural network in empathy? an fMRI based quantitative meta-analysis
Fan, Y., Duncan, N. W., de Greck, M., & Northoff, G. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.009 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Empathy: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1990) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00991640 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
Hein, G., Silani, G., Preuschoff, K., Batson, C. D., & Singer, T. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.003 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
The Oxford Handbook of Prosocial Behavior
(2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399813.001.0001 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
The invisible heart: economics and family values
Magenheim, E. B. (2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-1055 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
(2001) · Cited by 607 · see citing works
What's in a name? Anonymity and social distance in dictator and ultimatum games
Charness, G. B., & Uri Gneezy, B. (2008) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2008.03.001 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex
Jabbi, M., Swart, M., & Keysers, C. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.032 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Gender differences in brain networks supporting empathy
Schulte-Rüther, M., Markowitsch, H. J., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Piefke, M. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.180 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behavior in Dictator Games: Comment
Bohnet, I., & Frey, B. S. (1999) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.89.1.335 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Avoiding the Ask: A Field Experiment on Altruism, Empathy, and Charitable Giving
James Andreoni, A., Rao, J. M., & Trachtman, H. (2017) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/691703 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Ickes, W. J. (1993) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00783.x · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Gender Differences, Motivation, and Empathic Accuracy: When it Pays to Understand
Klein, K. J. K., & Hodges, S. D. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201276007 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Multidimensional assessment of empathic abilities: Neural correlates and gender differences
Derntl, B., Finkelmeyer, A., Eickhoff, S., Kellermann, T., Falkenberg, D. I., Schneider, F., & Habel, U. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.10.006 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
The power of asking: How communication affects selfishness, empathy, and altruism
James Andreoni, A., & Rao, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.12.008 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Gender differences in empathic accuracy: Differential ability or differential motivation?
Ickes, W. J., Gesn, P. R., & Graham, T. L. (2000) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00006.x · Cited by 340 · see citing works
The Effects of Race, Gender, and Marital Status on Giving and Volunteering in Indiana
Mesch, D. J., Rooney, P. M., Steinberg, K. S., & Denton, B. (2006) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0899764006288288 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Chapter 57 Differences in the Economic Decisions of Men and Women: Experimental Evidence
Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (2008) · Handbook of experimental economics results · doi:10.1016/s1574-0722(07)00057-1 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Social Neuroscience of Empathy
Singer, T., & Decety, J. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342161.013.0037 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Batson, C. D. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341065.001.0001 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Empathy‐induced altruism in a prisoner's dilemma II: what if the target of empathy has defected?
Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. Y. (2001) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.26 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
THE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF THE INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX
Pulos, S. M., Elison, J., & Lennon, R. (2004) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2004.32.4.355 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
The Neuroeconomics of Mind Reading and Empathy
Singer, T., & Fehr, E. (2005) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282805774670103 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Hawk, S. T., Keijsers, L., Branje, S., der Graaff, J. V., de Wied, M. A., & Meeus, W. (2012) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.696080 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Edele, A., Dziobek, I., & Keller, M. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.12.020 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Charitable Giving in Great Britain
Piper, G., & Schnepf, S. V. (2008) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-008-9057-9 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Meta-analysis reveals adult female superiority in "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test.
Kirkland, R. A., Peterson, E., Baker, C. A., Miller, S. F., & Pulos, S. M. (2013) · North American journal of psychology · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Stocks, E. L., & Lishner, D. A. (2018) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.272 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The benefits of empathy: When empathy may sustain cooperation in social dilemmas
Rumble, A. C., Lange, P. A. M. V., & Parks, C. D. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.659 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Assessing Cognitive and Affective Empathy Through the Interpersonal Reactivity Index
Chrysikou, E. G., & Thompson, W. J. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115599055 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Prosocial behavior and empathy: A multimethod developmental perspective.
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1991) · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Empathizing: neurocognitive developmental mechanisms and individual differences
Chakrabarti, B., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2006) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56022-4 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Willer, R., Wimer, C., & Owens, L. A. (2015) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.12.014 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The Impact of Exchange Context on the Activation of Equity in Ultimatum Games
Hoffman, E. N., McCabe, K., & Smith, V. L. S. (2000) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1023/a:1009925123187 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Selfish or selfless? The role of empathy in economics
Kirman, A. P., & Teschl, M. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0192 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Singer, T. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374176-9.00017-8 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Replication of Structure Findings Regarding the Interpersonal Reactivity Index
Carey, J. C., Fox, E. A., & Spraggins, E. F. (1988) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.1988.12022890 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Empathy and Prosocial Behavior
Schroeder, D. A., Graziano, W. G., & Davis, M. H. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399813.013.026 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Can social preferences explain gender differences in economic behavior?
Kamas, L., & Preston, A. E. (2015) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2015.05.017 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationIn Others' Shoes: Do Individual Differences in Empathy and Theory of Mind Shape Social Preferences?
Artinger, F. M., Exadaktylos, F., Koppel, H., & Sääksvuori, L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092844 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Empathy, guilt-aversion, and patterns of reciprocity.
Pelligra, V. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience Psychology and Economics · doi:10.1037/a0024688 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
From actions to empathy and morality – A neural perspective
Molnar-Szakacs, I. (2010) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2010.02.019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-centered and other-regarding behavior in the solidarity game
Büchner, S., Coricelli, G., & Greiner, B. (2005) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.12.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Gender and Social Preferences in the US: An Experimental Study
Kamas, L., & Preston, A. E. (2012) · Feminist Economics · doi:10.1080/13545701.2012.657662 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationBruins, J., Ellemers, N., & de Gilder, D. (1999) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199911)29:7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Understanding others: Brain mechanisms of theory of mind and empathy
Singer, T., & Tusche, A. (2008) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Grohn, J., Huck, S., & Valasek, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.01.008 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kamas, L., & Preston, A. E. (2010) · Research in experimental economics · doi:10.1108/s0193-2306(2010)0000013009 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationA Dual-Edged Sword: Empathy and Collective Action in the Prisoner's Dilemma
Sautter, J. A., Littvay, L., & Bearnes, B. (2007) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716207306360 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
de Oliveira, A. C. M., Eckel, C. C., & Croson, R. T. A. (2014) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2014.01.025 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gender in Environmental Context: The Effect of Property Rights, Fines, and Empathy Nudging
Czap, N. V., Czap, H. J., Burbach, M. E., & Lynne, G. D. (2014) · International Journal of Economics and Finance · doi:10.5539/ijef.v6n7p11 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Different Strokes for Different Folks: Gender and Emotions in an Environmental Game
Khachaturyan, M., & Czap, N. V. (2016) · Sustainable Agriculture Research · doi:10.5539/sar.v5n4p81 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Empathy and socially responsible consumption: an experiment with the vote-with-the-wallet game
Pelligra, V., & Vásquez, A. (2020) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/s11238-020-09756-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Xu, X., Liu, Z., Gong, S., & Wu, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031391 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“For example, studies found that the relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior was moderated by gender [37].”
Background
- Authors
- Kamas, L., & Preston, A.
- Affiliations
- Santa Clara University (US)
- Haverford College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kamas, Linda
- ORCID
- Preston, Anne
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 92
- Pages
- 101654
- ISSN
- 2214-8043 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3110364988
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 15.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Santa Clara University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- empathy, gender differences, prosocial behavior, empathic concern, dictator game, charitable giving, public goods game, trust game, personality traits
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
