Cited by 525Health disparities and outcomesMental Health Treatment and AccessAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Social group memberships protect against future depression, alleviate depression symptoms and prevent depression relapse

Cruwys, Tegan, Dingle, Genevieve A., Haslam, Catherine, Haslam, S. Alexander, Jetten, Jolanda, Morton, Thomas A.·2013·Social Science & Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.013

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Abstract

A growing body of research suggests that a lack of social connectedness is strongly related to current depression and increases vulnerability to future depression. However, few studies speak to the potential benefits of fostering social connectedness among persons already depressed or to the protective properties of this for future depression trajectories. We suggest that this may be in part because connectedness tends to be understood in terms of (difficult to establish) ties to specific individuals rather than ties to social groups. The current study addresses these issues by using population data to demonstrate that the number of groups that a person belongs to is a strong predictor of subsequent depression (such that fewer groups predicts more depression), and that the unfolding benefits of social group memberships are stronger among individuals who are depressed than among those who are non-depressed. These analyses control for initial group memberships, initial depression, age, gender, socioeconomic status, subjective health status, relationship status and ethnicity, and were examined both proximally (across 2 years, N = 5055) and distally (across 4 years, N = 4087). Depressed respondents with no group memberships who joined one group reduced their risk of depression relapse by 24%; if they joined three groups their risk of relapse reduced by 63%. Together this evidence suggests that membership of social groups is both protective against developing depression and curative of existing depression. The implications of these results for public health and primary health interventions are discussed.

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“Fulfilling interpersonal relationships and broad social ties are well-established predictors of positive psychosocial well-being, less depression, and reduced mortality risk (Cruwys et al., 2013; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2010).”
Neural correlates of reduced depressive symptoms following cognitive training for chronic traumatic brain injury
Han, K., Martínez, D. A., Chapman, S. B., & Krawczyk, D. C. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24052 · Cited by 34
“In light of previous studies about the impacts of social interaction on depression (Ashman et al., 2014; Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys et al., 2014) and neural effects of cognitive intervention on depression (Beevers et al., 2015; DeRubeis, Siegle, & Hollon, 2008; Li et al., 2016), our intervention…”
Background
Effects of participating in community assets on quality of life and costs of care: longitudinal cohort study of older people in England
Munford, L. A., Wilding, A., Bower, P., & Sutton, M. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033186 · Cited by 34
Social Support and Mental Health Outcomes Among U.S. Army Special Operations Personnel
Russell, D. W., Benedek, D. M., Naifeh, J. A., Fullerton, C. S., Benevides, N., Ursano, R. J., Russell, C. A., Forsten, R. D., & Cacciopo, J. T. (2016) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000114 · Cited by 34
“In general, higher levels of perceived social support are associated with both improved general health (Cohen, Doyle, Skoner, Rabin, & Gwaltney, 1997; Cohen & Wills, 1985) and improved mental health (Cruwys et al., 2014, 2013; Lehavot et al., 2013) outcomes.”
Background
Loneliness as a mediator of the relationship between shame and health problems in young people exposed to childhood violence
Thoresen, S., Aakvaag, H. F., Strøm, I. F., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Birkeland, M. S. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.06.002 · Cited by 34
Tinnitus groups: A model of social support and social connectedness from peer interaction
Pryce, H., Moutela, T., Bunker, C., & Shaw, R. L. (2019) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12386 · Cited by 37
“Evidence from studies of people with depression highlights that a lack of social connectedness is associated with preceding depressive symptoms (Cruwys et al., 2013).”
Background
Insight as a social identity process in the evolution of psychosocial functioning in the early phase of psychosis
Klaas, H. S., Clémence, A., Marion‐Veyron, R., Antonietti, J., Alameda, L., Golay, P., & Conus, P. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002506 · Cited by 32
“…loss of old ones; therefore, taking the perspective of social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986; Ellemers et al. 2002) – and its applications to health events such as coping with stroke (Haslam et al. 2008) or depression (Cruwys et al. 2013) – seems highly relevant when exploring this domain.”
Background
A meta-analysis of retirement adjustment predictors
Rue, C. J. L., Haslam, C., & Steffens, N. K. (2022) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103723 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
The Effectiveness of Japan’s Community Centers in Facilitating Social Participation and Maintaining the Functional Capacity of Older People
Hosokawa, R., Kondo, K., Ito, M., Miyaguni, Y., Mizutani, S., Goto, F., Abe, Y., Tsuge, Y., Handa, Y., & Ojima, T. (2018) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027518805918 · Cited by 34
“…2004), higher life satisfaction (Jang et al., 2004; C. Li, Jiang, Li, & Zhang, 2018), higher cognitive function, lower depressive symptoms and a lower risk of dementia (Cruwys et al., 2013; Glei, 2005; Verghese et al., 2003), and ultimately higher survival (Agahi & Parker, 2008; Aida et al., 2011).”
Background
‘Sometimes, it's not just about the food': The social identity dynamics of foodbank helping transactions
Bowe, M., Wakefield, J. R. H., Këllezi, B., McNamara, N., Harkin, L., & Jobling, R. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2558 · Cited by 31
“This commonality appears to help reconceptualise the helping transaction from intergroup to intragroup, thereby moving away from potential Social Curse processes and paving the way for Social Cure processes observed in bonded groups (Cruwys et al. 2013; Jetten et al., 2012).”
Background
Disruption to well-being activities and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediational role of social connectedness and rumination
McMahon, G. E., Douglas, A., Casey, K., & Ahern, E. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.142 · Cited by 30
On the reciprocal effects between multiple group identifications and mental health: A longitudinal study of S cottish adolescents
Miller, K. A., Wakefield, J. R. H., & Sani, F. (2017) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12143 · Cited by 35
Mechanism of the impacts of older adults social participation on their health
Lin, S. A., Xu, X., Liu, Y., & Ai, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1377305 · Cited by 30
Identification Reduces Stigma of Mental Ill‐Health: A Community‐Based Study
Kearns, M. L., Muldoon, O. T., Msetfi, R. M., & Surgenor, P. W. G. (2017) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12220 · Cited by 33
“A substantial line of enquiry focusing on multiple group membership shows that the number of groups an individual belongs to is positively associated with psychological well-being, with incremental increases based on the number of group memberships (Walter, Jetten, Dingle, Parsell & Johnstone, 2015), which has importa…”
The importance of staying connected: Mediating and moderating effects of social group memberships on psychological well‐being after brain tumor
Cubis, L., Ownsworth, T., Pinkham, M. B., Foote, M. C., Legg, M., & Chambers, S. K. (2019) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5125 · Cited by 30
“Further, greater SGMs can alleviate depressive symptoms and protect against future depressive episodes.(13) The stress‐buffering hypothesis of social support asserts that feeling connected with and having confidence in support from one's social groups is beneficial in times of adversity.”
Background
Effects of social participation and physical activity on all-cause mortality among older adults in Norfolk, England: an investigation of the EPIC-Norfolk study
Fain, R., Hayat, S. A., Luben, R., Pari, A. A. A., & Yip, J. L. Y. (2021) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.10.017 · Cited by 29
Four errors and a fallacy: pitfalls for the unwary in comparative brain analyses
Dunbar, R., & Shultz, S. (2023) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12953 · Cited by 30
“The last decade or so has witnessed a veritable deluge of very large scale correlational as well as prospective epidemiological studies showing that the number and quality of close friendships is the single best predictor of mental health and wellbeing, physical health and wellbeing, and even future longevity (among m…”
Background
Enhancing Well‐being of Homeless Individuals by Building Group Memberships
Johnstone, M., Jetten, J., Dingle, G. A., Parsell, C., & Walter, Z. C. (2016) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2272 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Home Is Where You Hang Your Hat: Host Town Identity, But Not Hometown Identity, Protects Against Mental Health Symptoms Associated with Financial Stress
Elahi, A., McIntyre, J. C., Hampson, C., Bodycote, H. J., Sitko, K., White, R. G., & Bentall, R. P. (2018) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2018.37.3.159 · Cited by 32
Exploring links between social identity, emotion regulation, and loneliness in those with and without a history of mental illness
Hayes, S., Carlyle, M., Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., & Dingle, G. A. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12358 · Cited by 39
“For instance, the number of groups in an individual’s social network has been shown to significantly improve adjustment, loneliness, and various other indicators ofmental health (Cruwys et al., 2013; Lamet al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Social identity and psychosis: Explaining elevated rates of psychosis in migrant populations
McIntyre, J. C., Elahi, A., & Bentall, R. P. (2016) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12273 · Cited by 30
“Haslam, O'Brien, Jetten, Vormedal, & Penna, 2005; Wegge, Van Dick, Fisher, Wecking, & Moltzen, 2006), reduced symptoms of depression (Cruwys et al. 2013), and lower susceptibility to the common cold (Cohen et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Social group membership before treatment for substance dependence predicts early identification and engagement with treatment communities
Haslam, C., Best, D. W., Dingle, G. A., Staiger, P. K., Savic, M., Bathish, R., Mackenzie, J., Beckwith, M., Kelly, A. J., & Lubman, D. I. (2019) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2018.1537393 · Cited by 30
“, 2015), and mental health and well-being (Cruwys et al., 2013; Jetten et al, 2015; Johnstone, Jetten, Parsell, Dingle, & Walter, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Associations of participation in community assets with health-related quality of life and healthcare usage: a cross-sectional study of older people in the community
Munford, L. A., Sidaway, M., Blakemore, A., Sutton, M., & Bower, P. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012374 · Cited by 28
“problem, irritable bowel or colitis; (7) congestive heart failure; (8) depression, anxiety or emotional difficulties; (9) diabetes; (10) hard of hearing; (11) heart disease, angina, heart attack, bypass surgery or angioplasty; (12) high blood pressure; (13) high cholesterol; (14) osteoarthritis; (15) osteoporosis; (16…”
Background
Using Media While Interacting Face-to-Face Is Associated With Psychosocial Well-Being and Personality Traits
Lee, M., Murphy, K., & Andrews, G. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118770357 · Cited by 28
“…others are associated with many psychosocial benefits, such as increased feelings of connectedness (Toepoel, 2013), increased levels of happiness (Leung, Kier, Fung, Fung, & Sproule, 2011), lower levels and risk of depression (e.g., Cruwys et al., 2013), and better overall health (Vaillant, 2008).”
BackgroundResult
Rejection sensitivity and multiple group memberships: The moderating role of an oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism
Woods, R., Bedard, M., McQuaid, R. J., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2017) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2017.1327458 · Cited by 27
“provide in relation of depressive symptoms (Cruwys et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Identity centrality moderates the relationship between acceptance of group‐based stressors and well‐being
Crane, M. F., Louis, W. R., Phillips, J. K., Amiot, C. E., & Steffens, N. K. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2367 · Cited by 30
Insula reactivity mediates subjective isolation stress in alexithymia
Morr, M., Lieberz, J., Dobbelstein, M., Philipsen, A., Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94799-w · Cited by 27
Exploring the Cognitive Foundations of the Shared Attention Mechanism: Evidence for a Relationship Between Self-Categorization and Shared Attention Across the Autism Spectrum
Skorich, D. P., Gash, T. B., Stalker, K. C., Zheng, L., & Haslam, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3049-9 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Social Identity, Stigma, and Health
Jetten, J., Haslam, S. A., Cruwys, T., & Branscombe, N. R. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.18 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Research on psychological stress and mental health of medical staff in COVID-19 prevention and control
Qiu, Y., Wu, Q., Chen, R., & Guan, C. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102524 · Cited by 28
Measuring “we‐ness” in couple relationships: A social identity approach
Cruwys, T., South, E. I., Halford, W. K., Murray, J. A., & Fladerer, M. P. (2022) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12811 · Cited by 27
“For example, the finding that social identities protect against depression (Cruwys et al., 2013, 2014) may be relevant to understanding the depression risk posed by separation and divorce (Stack & Scourfield, 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
‘Dance to Health’: an evaluation of health, social and dance interest outcomes of a dance programme for the prevention of falls
Vella-Burrows, T., Pickard, A., Wilson, L., Clift, S. M., & Whitfield, L. (2019) · Arts & Health · doi:10.1080/17533015.2019.1662461 · Cited by 25
“These findings are important, particularly in light of literature that highlights not only the benefits of group bonding to support mental wellbeing (Cruwys et al., 2013) but also the relationship between group identity and positive health behaviours (Sani et al.”
Background
“Use it or lose it”: How online activism moderates the protective properties of gender identity for well-being
Foster, M. D. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.044 · Cited by 24
What moderates the attainment gap? The effects of social identity incompatibility and practical incompatibility on the performance of students who are or are not Black, Asian or Minority Ethnic
Frings, D., Gleibs, I. H., & Ridley, A. M. (2019) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-019-09531-4 · Cited by 29
Exploring potential mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic effects of surfing
Moreton, S. G., Brennan, M. K., Nicholls, V. I., Wolf, I. D., & Muir, D. L. (2021) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729679.2021.1884104 · Cited by 28
“Feelings of belonging are related to well-being, and a deficit in social connectedness is a specific risk factor for the development of mental illness (Cruwys et al., 2013; Pohl, Young, & Bosch, 2018; Saeri, Cruwys, Barlow, Stronge, & Sibley, 2018).”
Background
Boosting neighbourhood identification to benefit wellbeing: Evidence from diverse community samples
Cruwys, T., Fong, P., Evans, O., Batterham, P. J., & Calear, A. L. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101816 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Social Activities and Health-Related Quality of Life in Rural Older Adults in South Korea: A 4-Year Longitudinal Analysis
Choi, J., Yang, K., Chu, S. H., Youm, Y., Kim, H. C., Park, Y.-R., & Son, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155553 · Cited by 25
Clinical Guidelines on Frailty
Tkacheva, O. N., Kotovskaya, Y. V., Рунихина, Н. К., Frolova, E. V., Naumov, A. V., Vorobyeva, N. M., Сергеевна, О. В., Mkhitaryan, E. A., Шарашкина, Н. В., Tyukhmenev, E. A., et al. (2025) · Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.37586/2686-8636-1-2025-6-48 · Cited by 30
Association between depression and subsequent peptic ulcer occurrence among older people living alone: A prospective study investigating the role of change in social engagement
Fang, B., Yang, S., Liu, H., Zhang, A. Y., Xu, R., & Chen, G. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.04.002 · Cited by 24
Patterns of social relationships among community-dwelling older adults in Japan: latent class analysis
Miura, K. W., Sekiguchi, T., Otake, M., Sawada, Y., Tanaka, E., Watanabe, T., Tomisaki, E., Okumura, R., Kawasaki, Y., Ito, S., et al. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-02748-7 · Cited by 26
“For example, many studies found that the association between social relationships and mental health outcomes has led to the onset of depression [5–7], while another study reported that being a member of social groups protects individuals against the onset of depression, alleviates symptoms of depression, and prevents…”
Background

Authors: Cruwys, T., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Morton, T. A.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
University of Exeter (GB)
Corresponding author: Cruwys, Tegan
ORCID: Cruwys, Tegan
Dingle, Genevieve A.
Haslam, Catherine
Haslam, S. Alexander
Jetten, Jolanda
Morton, Thomas A.
Venue: Social Science & Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-12
Volume: 98
Pages: 179-186
ISSN: 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.013
OpenAlex: W1974529215
Cited by: 525
References: 90
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 19
FWCI: 29.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Aging in the United States
consortium of UK government departments co-ordinated by the Office for National Statistics
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: social group membership, depression, depression relapse, social connectedness, social ties, protective factors, depression prevention, social networks
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depression, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Secondary Prevention, Social Participation

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Social group memberships protect against future depression, alleviate depression symptoms and prevent depression relapse

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