Applicability of the direct injection liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric analytical approach to the sub-ng L−1 determination of perfluoro-alkyl acids in waste, surface, ground and drinking water samples
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The applicability of a direct injection UHPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of several perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a wide range of water matrices was investigated. The method is based on the direct injection of 100µL of centrifuged water sample, without any other sample treatment. Very good method detection limits (0.014-0.44ngL-1) and excellent intra and inter-day precision (RSD% values in the range 1.8-4.4% and 2.7-5.7%, respectively) were achieved, with a total analysis time of 20min per sample. A high number of samples - i.e. 8 drinking waters (DW), 12 ground waters (GW), 13 surface waters (SW), 8 influents and 11 effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP IN and WWTP OUT) were processed and the extent of matrix effect (ME) was calculated, highlighting the strong prevalence of |ME| < 20%. The occurrence of |ME| > 50% was occasionally observed only for perfluorooctanesulphonic and perfluorodecanoic acids. Linear discriminant analysis highlighted the great contribution of the sample origin (i.e. DW, GW, SW, WWTP IN and WWTP OUT) to the ME. Partial least square regression (PLS) and leave-one-out cross-validation were performed in order to interpret and predict the signal suppression or enhancement phenomena as a function of physicochemical parameters of water samples (i.e. conductivity, hardness and chemical oxygen demand) and background chromatographic area. The PLS approach resulted only in an approximate screening, due to the low prediction power of the PLS models. However, for most analytes in most samples, the fitted and cross-validated values were such as to correctly distinguish between | ME | higher than 20% or below this limit. PFAAs in the aforementioned water samples were quantified by means of the standard addition method, highlighting their occurrence mainly in WWTP influents and effluents, at concentrations as high as one hundred of µgL-1.
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A few publications report a direct injection approach for PFAS analysis, and various water samples have been analysed by DI-LC-MS/MS.
“A few publications report a direct injection (DI) approach for PFAS analysis, and various water samples including drinking water, ground water, river water, lake water and wastewater have been analysed by DI-LC-MS/MS [41].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Ciofi, L., Renai, L., Rossini, D., Ancillotti, C., Falai, A., Fibbi, D., Bruzzoniti, M. C., Santana-Rodriguez, J. J., Orlandini, S., & Del Bubba, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Florence (IT)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Venue
- Talanta
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 176
- Pages
- 412-421
- ISSN
- 0039-9140 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2745347280
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Talanta (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Space Agency (ERANETMED_WATER-13-069)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
- Keywords
- perfluoroalkyl acids, matrix effects, wastewater treatment plant effluent, drinking water, groundwater, surface water, PFOS, perfluorodecanoic acid, standard addition, water quality monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Environmental Monitoring, Fatty Acids, Fluorocarbons, Fresh Water, Sulfonic Acids, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Limit of Detection, Drinking Water, Wastewater
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