Trace level determination of perfluorinated compounds in water by direct injection
Abstract
A new, fast LC-MS/MS method for the determination of perfluorinated surfactants in water samples by direct injection without pre-concentration is reported. The current method requires only 4 min to analyze nine perfluoroalkyl compounds in a single analytical run. Standard addition and internal standard quantification were used to determine the level of some perfluorinated carboxylic and sulfonic acids, including perfluorooctanoic sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), in Great Lakes water samples. Statistically significant differences were observed between the results obtained using different quantification methods. A relatively small difference between the PFOS values obtained with the standard addition method, with and without peak area normalization, clearly indicates that standard addition is the best quantification method when mass-labeled standards are not available. Based on the paired t-test statistical analysis, the concentrations calculated using external standardization were the least accurate, with the highest mean difference from the standard addition calculated values. Both PFOS and PFOA were present at less than 10 ng l(-1) in all Great Lake samples. Higher levels were detected in tributaries of Lake Ontario and effluents from sewage treatment plants.
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The temporal distribution of PFOS in Lake Ontario during 2004, 2005, and 2010 showed minimal changes in mean concentrations over that period.
“The temporal distribution of PFOS in Lake Ontario during the sampling events conducted in 2004, 2005, and 2010 showed minimal changes in mean concentrations of PFOS over that period (Furdui et al., 2008; Silva et al., 2011).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Furdui et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Furdui, V. I., Crozier, P. W., Reiner, E. J., & Mabury, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Mabury, Scott A.
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-08
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- S24-S30
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2037279962
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, perfluorinated sulfonic acids, perfluorinated surfactants, water pollution, Great Lakes, sewage treatment plant effluent, internal standard quantification, external standardization
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Injections, Reference Standards, Sewage, Surface-Active Agents, Water, Rivers
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