Endocrine factors in key structural and intracellular changes in depression
Abstract
Endocrine disturbances play predominant roles in recently discovered, clinically relevant abnormalities in depression. These affect multiple sites in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and habenula. Deficits consist of changes in volume, neuroplasticity, neural connectivity, synapse composition, and neurogenesis. Depression is associated with endocrine-related, premature systemic disease, that results in a loss of approximately 7 years of life. CRH, glucocorticoids, somatostatin, gonadal steroids, and thyroid hormones all contribute to the deficits that largely define the pathophysiologic presentation of depression. The World Health Organization ranks depression as the second greatest cause of disability worldwide. The response rate to current antidepressants is below 60%. It is important that new knowledge about the endocrine-mediated pathophysiology of depression be communicated to provide targets for new agents.
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Plasma levels of the adipose-derived hormone leptin negatively correlate with symptoms of anxiety and depression in women and men.
“Plasma levels of the adipose-derived hormone leptin negatively correlate with symptoms of anxiety and depression in women and men [116].”
From The menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence (2022) · cites this paper as [116]
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Is depression a neuroendocrine disease?
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- Authors
- Gold, P. W.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gold, Philip W.
- ORCID
- Gold, Philip W.
- Venue
- Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 212-223
- ISSN
- 1043-2760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3132907245
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- depression, endocrine disorders, neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, neuronal connectivity, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, habenula, corticotropin-releasing factor, glucocorticoids, somatostatin, sex steroids, thyroid hormones, depression pathophysiology, antidepressant response
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Hippocampus, Humans, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Synapses, Neurogenesis
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