Adrenal stress hormones, amygdala activation, and memory for emotionally arousing experiences
Abstract
Extensive evidence indicates that stress hormones released from the adrenal glands are critically involved in memory consolidation of emotionally arousing experiences. Epinephrine or glucocorticoids administered after exposure to emotionally arousing experiences enhance the consolidation of long-term memories of these experiences. Our findings indicate that adrenal stress hormones influence memory consolidation via interactions with arousal-induced activation of noradrenergic mechanisms within the amygdala. In turn, the amygdala regulates memory consolidation via its efferent projections to many other brain regions. In contrast to the enhancing effects on consolidation, high circulating levels of stress hormones impair memory retrieval and working memory. Such effects also require noradrenergic activation of the amygdala and interactions with other brain regions.
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The hyperconsolidation of traumatic memories in PTSD is driven by a glucocorticoid-hormone-facilitated potentiation of norepinephrine inputs to the basolateral amygdala (BLA).
“The hyperconsolidation of traumatic memories in PTSD is driven by a glucocorticoid-hormone-facilitated potentiation of norepinephrine inputs to the basolateral amygdala (BLA)4, 5.”
From Elevated brain cannabinoid CB1 receptor availability in post-traumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomography study (2013) · cites this paper as [4]
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Self-citationChapter 10 The prefrontal cortex and its relation to behavior
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Endogenous cortisol level interacts with noradrenergic activation in the human amygdala
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Coordination of multiple memory systems
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Autobiographic memory impairment following acute cortisol administration
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Basolateral amygdala lesions block glucocorticoid-induced modulation of memory for spatial learning.
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Stress-level cortisol treatment impairs inhibitory control of behavior in monkeys
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Attenuated hippocampal long-term potentiation in basolateral amygdala-lesioned rats
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Theta activity in neurons and networks of the amygdala related to long‐term fear memory
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Can Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Be Prevented with Glucocorticoids?
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Self-citationAdrenocortical suppression blocks the memory-enhancing effects of amphetamine and epinephrine.
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The memory-modulatory effects of glucocorticoids depend on an intact stria terminalis
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Epinephrine modulates long-term retention of an aversively motivated discrimination
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Definitions of Stress and Sympathetic Neuronal Responses
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Brain norepinephrine : neurobiology and therapeutics
Ordway, G. A., Schwartz, M., & Frazer, A. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 76 · see citing works
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Preventive Effect of β-Adrenoceptor Blockade on Glucocorticoid-Induced Memory Retrieval Deficits
de Quervain, D. J. ‐. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.967 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Long-term memory facilitation in rats by posttraining epinephrine.
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Stress effects on memory: An update and integration
Schwabe, L., Joëls, M., Roozendaal, B., Wolf, O. T., & Oitzl, M. S. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.002 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
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Stress prompts habit behavior in humans
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Status of Glucocorticoid Alterations in Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder
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Peripheral and central effects of circulating catecholamines
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“Studies have demonstrated that coactivation of the hippocampus with the amygdala results in this potentiated memory for emotional information (McGaugh et al., 1996; Roozendaal et al., 2008).”
Bagot, R. C., van Hasselt, F. N., Champagne, D. L., Meaney, M. J., Krugers, H. J., & Joëls, M. (2009) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.03.004 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Peripheral and Central Effects of Circulating Catecholamines
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Neumeister, A. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22031 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Endocrine factors in key structural and intracellular changes in depression
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Ugolini, A. (2008) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.08.002.2008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
<i>NTRK2</i> methylation is related to reduced PTSD risk in two African cohorts of trauma survivors
Vukojevic, V., Coynel, D., Ghaffari, N. R., Freytag, V., Elbert, T., Kolassa, I.-T., Wilker, S., McGaugh, J. L., Papassotiropoulos, A., & de Quervain, D. J.-F. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2008415117 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A neuro‐behavioural model of neophobia
Dorfman, A., Subach, A., & Scharf, I. (2026) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1002/brv.70151
- Authors
- Roozendaal, B., Barsegyan, A., & Lee, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roozendaal, Benno
- Venue
- Progress in Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 167
- Pages
- 79-97
- ISSN
- 0079-6123 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1543075896
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 23.02
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Progress in brain research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH12526)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- amygdala, memory consolidation, emotional arousal, epinephrine, glucocorticoids, noradrenergic activation, memory retrieval, working memory, efferent projections
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Amygdala, Animals, Arousal, Brain, Emotions, Humans, Memory, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Stress, Physiological
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