Through the looking glass: milestones on the road towards mirroring life

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Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. I. The Synthesis of a Tetrapeptide

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Principles that Govern the Folding of Protein Chains

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Synthesis of Proteins by Native Chemical Ligation

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Searching for Peptide Ligands with an Epitope Library

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DNA Origami: Scaffolds for Creating Higher Order Structures

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Thalidomide-induced Teratogenesis: History and Mechanisms

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Free‐Radical‐Based, Specific Desulfurization of Cysteine: A Powerful Advance in the Synthesis of Polypeptides and Glycopolypeptides

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Protein Chemical Synthesis by Ligation of Peptide Hydrazides

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Advances in Fmoc solid‐phase peptide synthesis

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Ribosome Biogenesis in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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All-D amino acid-containing channel-forming antibiotic peptides.

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Basic Principles of the CIP‐System and Proposals for a Revision

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Ribosome assembly coming into focus

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Total Chemical Synthesis of a D-Enzyme: The Enantiomers of HIV-1 Protease Show Reciprocal Chiral Substrate Specificity

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Mirror-image RNA that binds D-adenosine

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Functions of Ribosomal Proteins in Assembly of Eukaryotic Ribosomes In Vivo

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Identification of d -Peptide Ligands Through Mirror-Image Phage Display

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Compartmentalised RNA catalysis in membrane-free coacervate protocells

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Native chemical ligation in protein synthesis and semi-synthesis

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Selective Elimination of the Exonuclease Activity of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase from Escherichia coli B by Limited Proteolysis

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Chemical Modifications of Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Therapeutic Purposes

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Rapid and efficient protein synthesis through expansion of the native chemical ligation concept

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Designing cell function: assembly of synthetic gene circuits for cell biology applications

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Translation in ProkaryotesPreprint

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Mastering Complexity: Towards Bottom-up Construction of Multifunctional Eukaryotic Synthetic Cells

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Thirteen decades of peptide synthesis: key developments in solid phase peptide synthesis and amide bond formation utilized in peptide ligation

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Regenesis: how synthetic biology will reinvent nature and ourselves

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X-ray Structure of Snow Flea Antifreeze Protein Determined by Racemic Crystallization of Synthetic Protein Enantiomers

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Quasi-Racemic X-ray Structures of K27-Linked Ubiquitin Chains Prepared by Total Chemical Synthesis

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Cell-free protein synthesis from genomically recoded bacteria enables multisite incorporation of noncanonical amino acids

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A synthetic molecular system capable of mirror-image genetic replication and transcription

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Essential metabolism for a minimal cell

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Spiegelmer Inhibition of CCL2/MCP-1 Ameliorates Lupus Nephritis in MRL-(Fas)lpr Mice

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A cross-chiral RNA polymerase ribozyme

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In vitro integration of ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome assembly, and translation

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Inspiration from the mirror: D-amino acid containing peptides in biomedical approaches

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Racemic Protein Crystallography

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Chemical synthesis and X-ray structure of a heterochiral {D-protein antagonist plus vascular endothelial growth factor} protein complex by racemic crystallography

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Synthesis and folding of a mirror-image enzyme reveals ambidextrous chaperone activity

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Synthetic Biology Goes Cell-Free

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Tailoring the Shape and Size of Artificial Cells

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Synthesis and applications of RNAs with position-selective labelling and mosaic composition

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ON THE MOLECULAR TACTICS OF A CRYSTAL

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Consecutive Elongation of D-Amino Acids in Translation

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Distribution, industrial applications, and enzymatic synthesis of d-amino acids

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Peptide Applications in Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Bioengineering

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Construction of Modified Ribosomes for Incorporation of d -Amino Acids into Proteins

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Novel protein science enabled by total chemical synthesis

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Mirror‐Image Oligonucleotides: History and Emerging Applications

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Utilising the left-helical conformation of l-DNA for analysing different marker types on a single universal microarray platform

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High-Throughput Enantiopurity Analysis Using Enantiomeric DNA-Based Sensors

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Synthesis of l ‐ and d ‐Ubiquitin by One‐Pot Ligation and Metal‐Free Desulfurization

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ON FISCHER'S CLASSIFICATION OF STEREO-ISOMERS.1

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Shape and Size Control of Artificial Cells for Bottom-Up Biology

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A thermostable d-polymerase for mirror-image PCR

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Biostable L-DNAzyme for Sensing of Metal Ions in Biological Systems

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More from less – bottom-up reconstitution of cell biology

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The Discovery of Stereoselectivity at Biological Receptors: Arnaldo Piutti and the Taste of the Asparagine Enantiomers—History and Analysis on the 125th Anniversary

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Mirror-image polymerase chain reaction

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(Quasi‐)Racemic X‐ray Structures of Glycosylated and Non‐Glycosylated Forms of the Chemokine Ser‐CCL1 Prepared by Total Chemical Synthesis

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Radiation Damage and Racemic Protein Crystallography Reveal the Unique Structure of the GASA/Snakin Protein Superfamily

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Total Chemical Synthesis and Folding of All- l and All- d Variants of Oncogenic KRas(G12V)

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Copying Life: Synthesis of an Enzymatically Active Mirror-Image DNA-Ligase Made of D-Amino Acids

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Determination of the X‐ray structure of the snake venom protein omwaprin by total chemical synthesis and racemic protein crystallography

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Total Chemical Synthesis of a D-Enzyme: The Enantiomers of HIV-1 Protease Show Demonstration of Reciprocal Chiral Substrate Specificity

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Incorporation of non-standard amino acids into proteins: challenges, recent achievements, and emerging applications

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Exploring the Role of Chirality in Nucleic Acid Recognition

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Chemical synthesis of membrane proteins by the removable backbone modification method

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Streptavidin-mirror DNA tetrahedron hybrid as a platform for intracellular and tumor delivery of enzymes

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Stereospecificity of Oligonucleotide Interactions Revisited: No Evidence for Heterochiral Hybridization and Ribozyme/DNAzyme Activity

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Mirror‐Image 5S Ribonucleoprotein Complexes

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An L-RNA Aptamer that Binds and Inhibits RNase

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Structure of an Enantiomeric Protein, D -Monellin at 1.8 Å Resolution

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Synthesis of tumor necrosis factor α for use as a mirror-image phage display target

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van't Hoff-Le Bel Centennial

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De novo vesicle formation and growth: an integrative approach to artificial cells

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Racemic X-ray structure of L-type calcium channel antagonist Calciseptine prepared by total chemical synthesis

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Chemical Synthesis of Proteins that cannot be Obtained Recombinantly

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Development of Mirror-Image Screening Systems for XIAP BIR3 Domain Inhibitors

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Total chemical synthesis of human proinsulin

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Designing a biostable L-DNAzyme for lead( <scp>ii</scp> ) ion detection in practical samples

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Screening of a virtual mirror-image library of natural products

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Protein Chemical Synthesis Combined with Mirror‐Image Phage Display Yields d ‐Peptide EGF Ligands that Block the EGF–EGFR Interaction

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Synthesis of Grb2 SH2 Domain Proteins for Mirror-Image Screening Systems

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Highly selective synthesis of d-amino acids via stereoinversion of corresponding counterpart by an in vivo cascade cell factory

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Elucidation of the Covalent and Tertiary Structures of Biologically Active Ts3 Toxin

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Adaptive PCR Based on Hybridization Sensing of Mirror-Image l -DNA

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Fluorophore-quencher interactions effect on hybridization characteristics of complementary oligonucleotides

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Peptides containing d -amino acids and retro-inverso peptides

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Channel activity of mirror-image M2 proton channel of influenza A virus is blocked by achiral or chiral inhibitors

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Synthesis of l -Deoxyribonucleosides from d -Ribose

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Total chemical synthesis by native chemical ligation of the all-D immunoglobulin-like domain 2 of Axl

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Multiplexed Adaptive RT-PCR Based on L-DNA Hybridization Monitoring for the Detection of Zika, Dengue, and Chikungunya RNA

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The Young J. H. van 't Hoff: The Background to the Publication of his 1874 Pamphlet on the Tetrahedral Carbon Atom, Together with a New English Translation

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Spiegelzymes® Mirror-Image Hammerhead Ribozymes and Mirror-Image DNAzymes, an Alternative to siRNAs and microRNAs to Cleave mRNAs In Vivo?

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Advances in in vitro genetic code reprogramming in 2014–2017

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L-DNA linear duplex: An efficient drug delivery carrier with a simple structure

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The crystal structure of a natural DNA polymerase complexed with mirror DNA

An, J., Choi, J., Hwang, D., Park, J., Pemble, C. W., IV, Duong, T. H. M., Kim, K., Ahn, H., Chung, H. S., & Ahn, D. (2020) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c9cc09351f · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Chemical synthesis and racemic crystallization of rat C5a-desArg

Zuo, C., Zhang, B., Wu, M. Y., Bierer, D. E., Shi, J. M., & Fang, G. (2019) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2019.08.039 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Strategies for improving antimicrobial peptide production

Deo, S. R., Turton, K. L., Kainth, T., Kumar, A., & Wieden, H. (2022) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107968 · Cited by 173 · see citing works

Current research status of anti-cancer peptides: Mechanism of action, production, and clinical applications

Chinnadurai, R. K., Khan, N., Meghwanshi, G. K., Ponne, S., Althobiti, M. M., & Kumar, R. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114996 · Cited by 144 · see citing works

Synthesis and applications of mirror-image proteins

Harrison, K., Mackay, A. S., Kambanis, L., Maxwell, J. W. C., & Payne, R. J. (2023) · Nature Reviews Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41570-023-00493-y · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Confronting risks of mirror life

Adamala, K. P., Agashe, D., Belkaid, Y., Bittencourt, D. M. D. C., Cai, Y., Chang, M. W., Chen, I. A., Church, G. M., Cooper, V. S., Davis, M. M., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ads9158 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

D‐Peptide and D‐Protein Technology: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities**

Lander, A. J., Jin, Y., & Luk, L. Y. P. (2022) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.202200537 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Screening of a short chain antimicrobial peptide-FWKFK and its application in wound healing

Zhang, R., Yan, H., Wang, X., Cong, H., Yu, B., & Shen, Y. (2023) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d2bm01992b · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Antimicrobial, remineralization, and infiltration: advanced strategies for interrupting dental caries

Yang, Q., Li, F., Ye, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Medical Review · doi:10.1515/mr-2024-0035 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Mirror Life: Bridging Chirality, Ethics, and the Foundations of Life Creation

Li, Y., Moradialvand, M., Asbridge, L., FRAZIER, K. B., Tay, F. R., & Makvandi, P. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202510791 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Atom-level machine learning of protein-glycan interactions and cross-chiral recognition in glycobiology

Carpenter, E. J., Peng, C., Haregu, S., Twells, N., Woudstra, L., Sood, A., Cartmell, J., Woods, R. J., Mahal, L. K., Wang, S.-K., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adx6373 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Design and Evaluation of Stable Cysteine-Modified Monobody Scaffolds for Mirror-Image Synthesis

Iwamoto, N., Ohno, S., Nakamura, K., Naito, T., Miura, S., Inuki, S., Ohno, H., Hayashi, G., Murakami, H., & Oishi, S. (2025) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5c00181 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Chemical Synthesis of Interleukin-6 for Mirror-Image Screening

Aoki, K., Maeda, K., Inuki, S., Ohno, H., Nonaka, M., & Oishi, S. (2024) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00204 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Intrinsic chiral discrimination via terahertz absorption circular dichroism

Son, H., Park, S., Lee, M., Lee, J., Park, H., Park, H., Baek, S., & Kim, T.-T. (2025) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0280242 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Reconstituting alternative life using the test-bed of cell-free systems

Hofmann, M., Abdo, F., Borkowski, O., & Kushwaha, M. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0293 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

BracketMaker : Visualization and optimization of chemical protein synthesis

Evangelista, J. L., & Kay, M. S. (2024) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.5174 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Introduction

Iwamoto, N. (2026) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-5366-2_1

Chemical Synthesis of Mirror-image Proteins and Their Application to Drug Discovery

Iwamoto, N., & Oishi, S. (2026) · Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry Japan · doi:10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.84.466

Mirror-image biology: perspectives and challenges

Chen, Y., Han, Y., Mu, Z., Dong, S., Chu, H., Lu, J., & Qian, Z. (2026) · Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity · doi:10.1016/j.jobb.2026.04.003

Mirror Life and the Case for Adaptive Risk Governance

Gillum, D. R. (2026) · Health Security · doi:10.1177/23265094261480574

Mirror Life: Chirality in Biology and the Quest for a “Looking-Glass” OrganismPreprint

Sems, A. (2025) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202509.2452.v1

Mirror Life: Bridging Chirality, Ethics, and the Foundations of Life Creation

Li, Y., Moradialvand, M., Asbridge, L., FRAZIER, K. B., Tay, F. R., & Makvandi, P. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202510791 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Mirror-image Biological Molecules

Chen, J., & Zhu, T. F. (2021) · Chinese Journal of Space Science · doi:10.11728/cjss2021.01.141

Synthesis and applications of mirror-image proteins

Harrison, K., Mackay, A. S., Kambanis, L., Maxwell, J. W. C., & Payne, R. J. (2023) · Nature Reviews Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41570-023-00493-y · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Science Policy Forum Article: Confronting risks of mirror life

Adamala, K. P., Agashe, D., Belkaid, Y., BITTENCOURT, D. M. D. C., Cai, Y., Chang, M., Chen, I. A., Church, G. M., Cooper, V. S., Davis, M. M., et al. (2025) · Stanford Digital Repository · doi:10.25740/kg107pm6734