The DOI matches its Crossref record; 167 of the 176 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 47 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology
Open accessAbstract
Dreams are a most remarkable experiment in psychology and neuroscience, conducted every night in every sleeping person. They show that our brain, disconnected from the environment, can generate by itself an entire world of conscious experiences. Content analysis and developmental studies have furthered our understanding of dream phenomenology. In parallel, brain lesion studies, functional imaging, and neurophysiology have advanced our knowledge of the neural basis of dreaming. It is now possible to start integrating these two strands of research in order to address some fundamental questions that dreams pose for cognitive neuroscience: how conscious experiences in sleep relate to underlying brain activity; why the dreamer is largely disconnected from the environment; and whether dreaming is more closely related to mental imagery or to perception.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
11 No full text of the sources · 7 Not checked yet · 4 Sources not found · 2 Own result · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“An intriguing possibility concerns the putative antagonism between externally oriented cortical networks and internally oriented, default-mode networks[92, 93].”
§ Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology > Why is the dreamer disconnected from the environment?
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [92] Golland, 2007, Extrinsic and intrinsic systems in the posterior cortex of the human brain revealed during natural sensory stimulation, Cereb. Cortex sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction distinguishes an externally driven extrinsic system from an intrinsic system associated with internally driven functions, and the default-mode comparison reports that parts of the intrinsic system deactivate during visual stimulation. But the same comparison explicitly says this study did not observe a negative correlation between the two systems. The paper therefore supports a possible tension between them, not a demonstrated antagonistic relationship. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] Ioannides, 2009, MEG identifies dorsal medial brain activations during sleep, Neuroimage source
- Partly supported
In the paper
“Neuromodulatory activity in cataplectic dogs is largely similar to that in REM sleep except that levels of histamine are high, much like during wakefulness[105]. It thus seems that levels of histamine are correlated with our ability to incorporate sensory stimuli into conscious experience.”
§ Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology > Why is the dreamer disconnected from the environment?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [105] Gallop, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, during dreaming there is a prominent reduction of voluntary control of action and thought. We cannot pursue goals, and have no control over the dream’s content.”
§ Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology > Phenomenology of dreams and their relation to brain activity > Similarities between dreaming and waking
In the paper
“Dreams are highly visual, in full color, rich in shapes, full of movement, and incorporate typical wakefulness categories such as people, faces, places, objects, and animals[3].”
§ Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology > Phenomenology of dreams and their relation to brain activity > Similarities between dreaming and waking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] Hobson, 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, stimuli not only fail to elicit a behavioral response, but also largely fail to be incorporated in the content of the dream[8, 84–86] (though some stimuli, such as a spray of water, pressure on the limbs, and meaningful words have a slightly higher chance of incorporation[84, 85]).”
§ Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology > Why is the dreamer disconnected from the environment?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Rechtschaffen, 1965, Effect of visual stimuli on dream content, Percept. Mot. Skills source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] Berger, 1963, Experimental modification of dream content by meaningful verbal stimuli, Br. J. Psychiatry source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Koulack, 1969, Effects of somatosensory stimulation on dream content, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry source
- Not matchedcites [86] Steriade, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From lesion studies (Box 3) we know that dreaming requires an intact temporo-parieto-occipital junction[22, 23] and lesions in this region also affect mental imagery in wakefulness[109].”
§ Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology > Are dreams more like perception or imagination?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] Solms, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Solms, 2000, Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms, Behav. Brain Sci. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [109] Butler, 1985, Individual differences in memory for dreams: the role of cognitive skills, Percept. Mot. Skills source
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, lesion studies indicate that dreaming depends on specific forebrain regions rather than on the brainstem REM sleep generator[22, 128, 129].”
§ Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology > Phenomenology of dreams and their relation to brain activity > Similarities between dreaming and waking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] Solms, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [128] Kosslyn, 1994 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [129] Epstein, 1983, Aphasia with reported loss of dreaming, Am. J. Psychiatry source
- Not matched
In the paper
“This feature is known as “high arousal threshold”, and it persists in REM sleep despite its wake-like low-voltage EEG[83].”
§ Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology > Why is the dreamer disconnected from the environment?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Dement, 1958, The relation of eye movements, body motility, and external stimuli to dream content, J. Exp. Psychol. source
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Indeed, 10–30% of all NREM sleep reports are indistinguishable by any criteria from those obtained from REM sleep[64, 65].”
§ Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology > What determines the level of consciousness during sleep?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Monroe, 1965, Discriminability of Rem and Nrem Reports, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Antrobus, 1995, Dreaming in the late morning: summation of REM and diurnal cortical activation, Conscious Cogn. source
In the paper
“reports of conscious experiences in NREM sleep ranged between 23% and 74%[9].”
§ Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology > What determines the level of consciousness during sleep?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Rechtschaffen, 1973, The psychophysiology of mental activity during sleep source
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The modification of memory performance across early childhood, due in the firsts ages to the so-called infantile amnesia72–74 and subsequently to the development of cognitive functions,67 parallel the improvement of dream recall rates in children.”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“infantile amnesia and confabulatory reports in infancy are the main reasons why reliable studies in this age range cannot be carried out.73,74”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the regions implicated in emotional processes during wakefulness are also responsible for the neurophysiological background of REM sleep that can explain some qualitative features of DE”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Nir and Tononi, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Considering that mental imagery shares the same neuronal substrates as dreaming [2,73]”
From How Adversarial REM Dreams May Facilitate Creativity, and Why We Become Aware of Them (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although sleep is often associated with “rest,” the brain remains highly active, with neuronal activity persisting but exhibiting frequency patterns distinct from those observed during wakefulness23,24.”
From Energy paradox in REM sleep: balancing supply and consumption in brain metabolism (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the processes that regulate dreaming and emotional salience in sleep mentation share similar neural substrates of those controlling emotions during wakefulness”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Nir and Tononi, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the neural activation of emotional-limbic (Nir and Tononi, 2010) and reward systems (Perogamvros and Schwartz, 2012) during REM-DE contributes to the offline reprocessing of emotions and associative learning”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Nir and Tononi, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“At the same time, dream content analysis reveals a full development and adult-like content of dream experience from 9 years of age,4,89,73,91 coherent with mature mental imagery skills.73,92”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A first real development in dream content is reached at the age of 7 years, when the child starts to represent himself in the dream, with higher emotional content, active participation, and narrative structure, in dreams overall more frequent and longer.4,73,89,91”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Longer reports, but with still low recall rate, are reached between ages 5 and 7 years.”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, dream content at the age of 2–5 years shows a general absence of people, object, and events, being usually a static report of single characters.”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The ages in which children begin to report some dream content seem to parallel their cognitive maturation.73”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the distribution of brain activity in REM sleep is not homogenous”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Nir and Tononi, 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Strikingly, these experiences usually evoke the sensation of being awake, since similar features as in our external sensorium (characters, objects, colors, places, and sounds) are incorporated in a realistic manner [2].”
From How Adversarial REM Dreams May Facilitate Creativity, and Why We Become Aware of Them (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, during sleep subjects are largely disconnected from the environment on both the input and output side, meaning that in the majority of cases, sensory stimuli do not influence the content of experience 2 .”
From The neural correlates of dreaming (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In other words, mind wandering and dreaming both refers to a peculiar internal cognition, so it is plausible that the neural substrate for sleep mentation shares some brain regions with the network for mind wandering (i.e., DMN; Fosse and Domhoff, 2007; Ioannides et al., 2009; Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
From EEG oscillations during sleep and dream recall: state- or trait-like individual differences? (2015) · cites this paper as Nir and Tononi, 2010
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Some empirical evidence showed that children start at 4 years of age to discern dream from reality and reach a complete comprehension of this difference at the age of 9 years, when cognitive abilities are adequately matured.4,69,73,89,90”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, another issue in facing dream research in infancy is the achievement of the ability to discern a dream from reality, whose age definition is still controversial.4,69,73,89,90”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761
The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks
Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Corbetta, M., Van Essen, D. C., & Raichle, M. E. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504136102 · Cited by 8,553 · cited 1×
“An intriguing possibility concerns the putative antagonism between externally oriented cortical networks and internally oriented, default-mode networks [ 91 ,92].”
2. The Interpretation of Dreams
Freud, S., Crick, J., & Robertson, R. (1913) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10561-000 · Cited by 6,979
Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine
Kryger, M. H., Roth, T. G., & Dement, W. C. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-59875-3 · Cited by 5,118
EPILEPSY AND THE FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
Penfield, W., & Jasper, H. (1954) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-195407000-00024 · Cited by 4,092
Gusnard, D. A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G. L., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.071043098 · Cited by 2,997
Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought
Mason, M. F., Norton, M. I., Van Horn, J. D., Wegner, D. M., Grafton, S. T., & Macrae, C. N. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1131295 · Cited by 2,792
Regularly Occurring Periods of Eye Motility, and Concomitant Phenomena, During Sleep
Aserinsky, E., & Kleitman, N. (1953) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.118.3062.273 · Cited by 2,488
The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing
Lamme, V. A. F., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01657-x · Cited by 2,338 · cited 1×
“retinotopic cortex is a necessary condition for visual awareness [ 131 ].”
BackgroundImage And Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate
Kosslyn, S. M. (1994) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3653.001.0001 · Cited by 1,977
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Hartmann, 1968, The day residue: time distribution of waking events, Psychophysiology, 5, 222
- Doricchi, 1992, Dream recall in brain-damaged patients: A contribution to the neuropsychology of dreaming through a review of the literature, 99
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 596
Al-Tubaikh, J. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28575-2_16 · Cited by 20
Neuronal representation of visual working memory content in the primate primary visual cortex
Huang, J., Wang, T., Dai, W., Li, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, Y., Zhou, T., & Xing, D. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adk3953 · Cited by 19
“This mismatch may help prevent memories from appearing as per-ceptible hallucinations, except when external vision is obscured, as occurs during dreaming ( 41 ) or psychedelic administration ( 42 ).”
BackgroundThe ‘affect tagging and consolidation’ (ATaC) model of depression vulnerability
Harrington, M. O., Pennington, K., & Durrant, S. J. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.02.003 · Cited by 19
“…and maintenance of MDD. Neural regions implicated in emotional memory processing during wake, in particular the amygdala, entorhinal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex, are reactivated during REM sleep (Maquet et al., 1996; Nir & Tononi, 2010; Nofzinger, Mintun, Wiseman, Kupfer, & Moore, 1997).”
Offline perception: an introduction
Fazekas, P., Nánay, B., & Pearson, J. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0686 · Cited by 20
Donzuso, G., Cicero, C. E., Giuliano, L., et al. (2023) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-023-00815-0 · Cited by 18
“Temporal and limbic areas are found to be significantly activated during physiological REM sleep (Nir & Tononi, 2010); thus, these abnormalities could reflect a disruption of the normal atonia circuitry leading to the occurrence of RBD behaviors.”
BackgroundThe Neuroscience of Sleep and Dreams
McNamara, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316817094 · Cited by 21
Llewellyn, S. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.018 · Cited by 17
“…dreaming, executive control is lost, directed attention is reduced, primary emotions are more prevalent and the mind/brain shifts from a more linear-logical, analytic mode to a highly associative one (Hobson, 2002; Llewellyn, 2011; Nir & Tononi, 2010; Stickgold, Scott, Rittenhouse, & Hobson, 1999).”
BackgroundAlpha Reactivity to Complex Sounds Differs during REM Sleep and Wakefulness
Ruby, P. M., Blochet, C., Eichenlaub, J., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079989 · Cited by 17
“external world (external stimuli incorporation into dream) may arise [4,5].”
BackgroundLai, G., Langevin, J., Koek, R. J., Krahl, S. E., Bari, A., & Chen, J. W. Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00061 · Cited by 17
Episodic thought distinguishes spontaneous cognition in waking from REM and NREM sleep
Baird, B., Aparicio, M. K., Alauddin, T., Riedner, B. A., Boly, M., & Tononi, G. (2021) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2021.103247 · Cited by 14
Self-citationStickgold, R., & Wamsley, E. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00048-9 · Cited by 17
Brain oscillations and predictive processing.
Yordanova, J., Kolev, V., & Kirov, R. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00416 · Cited by 15
“…neurochemistry, synaptic connectivity, and neuroelectric signaling such as sleep stages (Hobson et al., 2000; Hobson and Pace-Schott, 2002; Nir and Tononi, 2010) affect deviance detection, if inherent (free of executive-control prediction) error signals can be generated, and the extent to…”
BackgroundIs REM Density a Measure of Arousal during Sleep?
Barbato, G. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030378 · Cited by 22
“Report of visual dreaming occurrence is also evident during NREM sleep and during the period of tonic REM sleep [15], thus rapid eye movements do not lie necessarily behind the dreaming process.”
BackgroundAwake or Sleeping? Maybe Both… A Review of Sleep-Related Dissociative States
Sodré, M. E. J., Wießner, I., Irfan, M., Schenck, C. H., & Mota-Rolim, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12123876 · Cited by 19
“This experience mostly consists of visual narratives but can involve all senses depending on the suggestions, similar to dreaming [64,130]).”
BackgroundRevisiting Carl Jung’s archetype theory a psychobiological approach
Vedor, J. E. (2023) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105059 · Cited by 22
Consciousness in non‐ REM ‐parasomnia episodes
Siclari, F. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14275 · Cited by 19
“…by delusional aspects (false beliefs), a lack of lucidity and control over the experience, multisensory (but mainly visual) hallucinations, heightened emotionality, disori-entation in time and variable, but often pronounced amnesia (Nir & Tononi, 2010; Siclari et al., 2020; Tononi et al., 2024).”
Lucid and non-lucid dreaming: Thinking in networks
Spoormaker, V. I., Czisch, M., & Dresler, M. (2010) · International journal of dream research · doi:10.11588/ijodr.2010.1.597 · Cited by 16
Déjà-rêvé: Prior dreams induced by direct electrical brain stimulation
Curot, J., Valton, L., Denuelle, M., Vignal, J., Maillard, L. G., Pariente, J., Trébuchon, A., Bartoloméi, F., & Barbeau, E. J. (2018) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.02.016 · Cited by 19
Consciousness, brain, neuroplasticity
Askenasy, J. J. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00412 · Cited by 20
“But consciousness also increases in its emotional involvement and impaired memory (dream amnesia) (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialPartial memory reinstatement while (lucid) dreaming to change the dream environment
Mallett, R. (2020) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2020.102974 · Cited by 20
Thompson, E. T. (2017) · MindRxiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/d9gqa · Cited by 19
Emotional facial expressions during REM sleep dreams
Rivera‐García, A. P., López Ruiz, I. E., Ramírez‐Salado, I., González‐Olvera, J. J., Ayala‐Guerrero, F., & Jiménez‐Anguiano, A. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12716 · Cited by 15
“Dream enacting behaviours (DEBs) (the behavioural enactment of the emotional, verbal or motor components of dreaming) (Nielsen, Svob, & Kuiken, 2009) are more frequent during complex dreams (i.e. dreams that are more perceptual, dramatic and emotionally intense) (Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundFogel, S., Ray, L., Fang, Z., Silverbrook, M., Naci, L., & Owen, A. M. (2022) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103306 · Cited by 14
Bonamino, C., Watling, C. N., & Polman, R. C. J. (2022) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/drm0000209 · Cited by 15
Right hemisphere neural activations in the recall of waking fantasies and of dreams
Benedetti, F., Poletti, S., Radaelli, D., Ranieri, R., Genduso, V., Cavallotti, S., Castelnovo, A., Smeraldi, E., Scarone, S., & D’Agostino, A. (2015) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12299 · Cited by 16
“…the implausible story representation of dreams is suggested by the observation that some cortical lesions can impair or completely block dreaming (Nir and Tononi, 2010), also supporting the hypothesis that the modular architecture of brain functions is maintained during dreams (Desseilles et…”
BackgroundBrain basis of self: self-organization and lessons from dreaming
Kahn, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00408 · Cited by 16
“Finally, our hypothesis that a dream emerges when thoughts, feelings, and images spontaneously self-organize is not in contradiction to the ideas put forth by Nir and Tononi (2010) that dreams come more from our imagination than from our perceptions.”
ResultPhenomenal consciousness in dreams and in mind wandering
Occhionero, M., & Cicogna, P. (2016) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2016.1213800 · Cited by 13
“…that, the cognitive models recognize that there are specific differences, such as the hallucinatory nature of dream representations, their spatio-temporal bizarreness, and their discontinuity (Cicogna, Occhionero, Natale, & Esposito, 2007; Domhoff, 2011; Kahan & LaBerge, 2011; Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundFractal cycles of sleep, a new aperiodic activity-based definition of sleep cyclesPreprint
Rosenblum, Y., Esfahani, M. J., Adelhöfer, N., Zerr, P., Furrer, M., Huber, R., Roest, F. F., Steiger, A., Zeising, M., Horváth, C. G., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.96784 · Cited by 16
The effect of time of night on wake–dream continuity.
Malinowski, J. E., & Horton, C. L. (2014) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/a0037817 · Cited by 14
Differentiating Oneiric Stupor in Agrypnia Excitata From Dreaming Disorders
Baldelli, L., & Provini, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.565694 · Cited by 14
Gyulaházi, J., Redl, P., Karányi, Z., Varga, K., & Fülesdi, B. (2015) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-016-0214-1 · Cited by 15
“Dreams are characterized by reduced attention and voluntary control and volition, self-awareness and altered reflective thought, emotionality and altered mnemonic processes [23].”
BackgroundThe individual determinants of morning dream recall
Elce, V., Bergamo, D., Bontempi, G., Pedreschi, B., Bellesi, M., Handjaras, G., & Bernardi, G. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00191-z · Cited by 14
“Dreams are subjective conscious experiences generated by the brain during sleep — when individuals are largely (though not completely 1 ) disconnected from the external environment on the sensory (input) and motor (output) sides and are typically unable to exert volition and self-re fl ection 2 .”
The vision of dreams: from ontogeny to dream engineering in blindness
Vitali, H., Campus, C., GIORGIS, V. D., Signorini, S. G., & Gori, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10026 · Cited by 15
“The scientific community is divided into who argue for a privileged top-down direction of dream generation 1,123 and those who argue that sensory experience is the source of dreams.”
Sleep-like changes in neural processing emerge during sleep deprivation in early auditory cortex
Marmelshtein, A., Eckerling, A., Hadad, B., Ben‐Eliyahu, S., & Nir, Y. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.022 · Cited by 15
Self-citationConscious experiences during non-rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias
Castelnovo, A., Siclari, F., Spaggiari, S., Borth, D., Manconi, M., Arnulf, I., & Schenck, C. H. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105919 · Cited by 17
“Indeed, dreams are known to develop in frequency and complexity with brain maturation, and to correlate well to visuo-spatial abilities but not language abilities (Nir and Tononi, 2010). q u e s t i o nn a i r e , S W : S l e e p W a l k i n g , V G : v i o l e n t g r o u p , V -”
BackgroundCentral mechanisms of the sleep-wakefulness cycle control
Kovalzon, V. M. (2011) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119711040116 · Cited by 13
“Intracellular recording of cortical neuron activity carried out in recent years has shown a sharp change in the limit hyperpolarization (from –75 to –90 mV) and limit depolarization (–61 mV) of cortical neuron membranes in the Δ rhythm [11, 12].”
BackgroundEmotional Memory Consolidation During Sleep
Cunningham, T. J., & Payne, J. D. (2017) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_9 · Cited by 15
Bottom-up or top-down in dream neuroscience? a top-down critique of two bottom-up studies
Foulkes, D., & Domhoff, G. W. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.05.002 · Cited by 13
“The imposition of informational language on physical–chemical processes in the brain stem can only be conjectured, but never proven (McGinn, 2013).”
BackgroundVisual anticipation biases conscious decision making but not bottom-up visual processing
Mathews, Z., Cetnarski, R., & Verschure, P. F. M. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01443 · Cited by 14
“Hence, it is of some relevance to experimentally assess whether these two perspectives on the role of inference in the structuring of both unconscious processing and conscious experience are contradictory or complementary (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundThe Dreaming Brain/Mind: A Role in Understanding Complex Mental Disorders?
D’Agostino, A., Limosani, I., & Scarone, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00003 · Cited by 13
“…some studies have shown a relative hyperactivation of cerebral regions related to emotional and affective life (i.e., amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex) and a relative hypoactivation of the frontal cortex, mainly in its dorsolateral prefrontal regions, during REM sleep (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSleeping soldiers: On sleep and war
Kinsella, H. M. (2020) · Security Dialogue · doi:10.1177/0967010619897243 · Cited by 12
“…last analysis, precludes us mourning them alongside others.29 For if sleep is necessary for memories and dreams are a ‘powerful form of imagination’ (Nir and Tononi, 2010: 97), as sleep researchers hold, then it is thinkable that these soldiers remain caught in the unending presence and present…”
BackgroundLearning beyond sensations: How dreams organize neuronal representations
Deperrois, N., Petrovici, M. A., Senn, W., & Jordan, J. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105508 · Cited by 9
Rapid eye movement sleep and epilepsy: exploring interactions and therapeutic prospects
Nobili, L., Cordani, R., Arnaldi, D., Mattioli, P., Veneruso, M., & Ng, M. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14251 · Cited by 14
“Additionally, from a neurotransmitter perspective, acetylcholine is highly active during REM sleep, contributing to sustained depolarisation in cortical neurones and EEG activation (Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
Neurobiological mechanisms of sleep state misperception in insomnia disorder: A theoretical review
Joo, E. H., Altier, H. R., Selai, C. E., Gratton, M., Kim-Dahl, A., Allen, H., Cheng, X., & Reid, M. J. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102096 · Cited by 14
Local Patterns of Sleep and Wakefulness
Bernardi, G., & Siclari, F. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00003-7 · Cited by 14
Cotard parasomnia: le délire de negation that occur during the sleep-wake dissociation?
Gnoni, V., Higgins, S. E., Nesbitt, A. D., Wasserman, D., Duncan, I., Birdseye, A., Pérez‐Carbonell, L., Drakatos, P., Koutramanidis, M., Ferini‐Strambi, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.8430 · Cited by 12
“1 Dreamlike mentation can occur during NREM parasomnias 2,3 and here we present three cases of Cotard parasomnia in which patients described distinct, short-lived states of consciousness de fi ned by a complete (acenesthopathy 4 ) or a partial (hypocenesthopathy 4 ) loss of perception of their own…”
Mader, E. C., & Mader, A. C. L. (2016) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.025 · Cited by 13
“For decades, researchers had to rely on people’s reports of dream experience to understand dreams [112].”
BackgroundPantani, M., Tagini, A., & Raffone, A. (2016) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-016-9491-x · Cited by 13
Enactive or inactive? Cranially envatted dream experience and the extended conscious mind
Rosen, M. G. (2018) · Philosophical Explorations · doi:10.1080/13869795.2018.1477984 · Cited by 11
State Dissociation: Implications for Sleep and Wakefulness, Consciousness, and Culpability
Mahowald, M. W., Bornemann, M. A. C., & Schenck, C. H. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2011.08.002 · Cited by 11
Activation of brain-heart axis during REM sleep: a trigger for dreaming
Nardelli, M., Catrambone, V., Grandi, G., Banfi, T., Bruno, R. M., Scilingo, E. P., Faraguna, U., & Valenza, G. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00306.2020 · Cited by 11
Disrupted neural tracking of sound localization during non-rapid eye movement sleep
Wang, Y., Lu, L., Zou, G., Zheng, L., Qin, L., Zou, Q., & Gao, J. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119490 · Cited by 9
“Sleep is considered a stage in which people barely perceive or interact with the outside environment (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundFazekas, P. (2023) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/mila.12455 · Cited by 12
Goetzmann, L., Ruettner, B., & Siegel, A. M. (2018) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2018.1486730 · Cited by 10
“…and the posterior cingulate as well as the inferior parietal and orbitofrontal cortex (Braun et al., 1997), with the result that cognitive functions such as attentiveness, voluntary control, self-reflexive awareness, logical thought and the ability to remember are limited (Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundOvernight retention of emotional memories is influenced by BDNF Val66Met but not 5-HTTLPR
Harrington, M. O., Klaus, K., Vaht, M., Harro, J., Pennington, K., & Durrant, S. J. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.015 · Cited by 10
Miskovic, V., Lynn, S. J., Bagg, J. O., Pouliot, J. J., Ríos, M., & Wackermann, J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.014 · Cited by 12
Immunity: Neutrophil Quorum at the Wound
Palomino‐Segura, M., & Hidalgo, A. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.045 · Cited by 9
Dream recall frequency is associated with attention rather than with working memory abilities
Blain, S., de la Chapelle, A., Caclin, A., Bidet‐Caulet, A., & Ruby, P. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13557 · Cited by 9
Bastuji, H., Daoud, M., Magnin, M., & García-Larrea, L. (2024) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp286074 · Cited by 10
“Failure of adequate functional connectivity during PS has been previously reported using both functional imaging and electrophysiology (Braun, 1997; Chow et al., 2013; Corsi-Cabrera, 2003; Corsi-Cabrera et al., 2008; Nir & Tononi, 2010), reviewed by Shine et al. (2023).”
Hemispherotomy leads to persistent sleep-like slow waves in the isolated cortex of awake humans
Colombo, M. A., Favaro, J., Mikulan, E., Pigorini, A., Zauli, F. M., Sartori, I., d’Orio, P., Castana, L., Toldo, I., Sartori, S., et al. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003060 · Cited by 10
“…prominent EEG low-frequency oscillations (i.e., 4 Hz) has been observed in peculiar genetic conditions, i.e., Angelman syndrome [43], in liminal, transient, disconnected psychedelic states [154], and, occasionally, across the vegetative state, deep sedation, and NREM sleep [44,51,121,123–125].”
Konjedi, S., & Maleeh, R. (2021) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2021.103194 · Cited by 10
Bókkon, I., & Mallick, B. N. (2012) · Activitas Nervosa Superior · doi:10.1007/bf03379581 · Cited by 9
“According to Nir and Tononi (2010), “Overall, dreaming appears to be a gradual cognitive development that is tightly linked to the development of visual imagination.””
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Evolutionary Rationale for Consciousness
Grinde, B. (2012) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1007/s13752-012-0061-3 · Cited by 10
“The cortex presumably adds substance and content, not only to conscious experience, but also to dreams (Nir and Tononi 2010).”
BackgroundDreaming and the Default Mode Network
Zellner, M. R. (2013) · Contemporary Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/00107530.2013.10746548 · Cited by 9
“Second, many DMN regions are active during sleep, including REM and non-REM stages (Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundCipolli, C., Pizza, F., Bellucci, C., Mazzetti, M., Tuozzi, G., Vandi, S., & Plazzi, G. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa012 · Cited by 9
Uitermarkt, B. D., Bruss, J., Hwang, K., & Boes, A. D. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25102 · Cited by 9
“Both areas have been implicated in REM sleep previously (Bodizs, Sverteczki, Lazar, & Halasz, 2005; Hong et al., 2009; Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundDenzer, S., Diezig, S., Achermann, P., Koenig, T. W., & Mast, F. W. (2022) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103283 · Cited by 9
“First, comparing altered experience in dreams with regular experience during wake is problematic, because the experiences occur during different vigilance states of the large-scale brain networks (Aru et al., 2020; Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundThe New Mind: thinking beyond the head
Manzotti, R., & Pepperell, R. (2012) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-012-0405-3 · Cited by 10
“They who dream by day”: Parallels between Openness to Experience and dreaming
DeYoung, C. G., & Grazioplene, R. G. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001283 · Cited by 9
Zou, Q., Zhou, S., Xu, J., Su, Z., Li, Y., Ma, Y., Sun, H., Wu, C. W., & Gao, J. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.015 · Cited by 9
“Neural correlates for dreaming remain unclear and are a hot topic of debate (Hobson and Pace-Schott, 2002; Nir and Tononi, 2010; Siclari et al., 2017; Solms, 2000; William Domhoff, 2011).”
Consciousness and Meta-Consciousness During Sleep
Baird, B., Erlacher, D., Czisch, M., Spoormaker, V. I., & Dresler, M. (2019) · Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00019-0 · Cited by 10
Contents of Consciousness Investigated as Integrated Information in Direct Human Brain RecordingsPreprint
Haun, A., Oizumi, M., Kovach, C. K., Kawasaki, H., Oya, H., Howard, M. A., Adolphs, R., & Tsuchiya, N. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/039032 · Cited by 9
“For example, experiencing subjects usually cannot tell the difference between dreaming and normal experience (Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundComputational role of sleep in memory reorganization
Yoshida, K., & Toyoizumi, T. (2023) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2023.102799 · Cited by 8
“On the other hand, REM sleep is dominated by high-frequency neuronal activities as with wakefulness but accompanies dreaming and hallucinatory experiences created in our brain [23].”
Denzer, S., Diezig, S., Achermann, P., Mast, F. W., & Koenig, T. W. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16530 · Cited by 9
“Most frequently, a vivid and complex experience during sleep while dreaming is errone-ously attributed as being real, despite the absence of corresponding external sensory signals (Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
Unlocking Dreams and Dreamless Sleep: Machine Learning Classification With Optimal EEG Channels
Moctezuma, L. A., Molinas, M., & Abe, T. (2025) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/bmri/3585125 · Cited by 9
The gating of neocortical information by modulators
Varela, C. (2012) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00701.2012 · Cited by 8
“The neocortex is also crucial for internally generated percepts, such as the visual imagery typical of human REM sleep and the complex perceptual patterns of memory retrieval.”
BackgroundNeural Correlates of Self-Generated Imagery and Cognition Throughout the Sleep Cycle
Fox, K. C. R., & Girn, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.16 · Cited by 9
“… considerably lower rates of dreaming than REM sleep (see Table 1) – and the mentation that does occur tends Chapter to appear in The Oxford Handbook of Spontaneous Thought (2017) 24 monologue (Hobson et al., 2000; Nielsen, 2000; Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING 21ST CENTURY SKILLS FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS
Lazorenko, L., & Krasnenko, O. (2019) · Izdevniecība “Baltija Publishing” eBooks · doi:10.30525/978-9934-588-15-0-13 · Cited by 8
Detecting Connected Consciousness During Propofol-Induced Anesthesia Using EEG Based Brain Decoding
Wang, Y., Wan, C., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Wang, H., Yan, F., Song, D., Du, R., Wang, Q., & Huang, L. (2021) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065721500210 · Cited by 8
Local sleep: A new concept in brain plasticity
Avvenuti, G., & Bernardi, G. (2022) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00003-5 · Cited by 10
‘I love you’: the first phrase detected from dreams
Raduga, M. (2022) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20220035 · Cited by 8
Non-REM parasomnias: a scoping review of dreams and dreamlike mentation
Longe, O., Omodan, A., Leschziner, G. D., & Rosenzweig, I. (2022) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2022.63.525 · Cited by 11
See, Q. R., Raheel, K., Duncan, I., Biabani, N., Giulio, I. D., Romigi, A., Kumari, V., O'Regan, D., Cairney, S. A., Urso, D., et al. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s435201 · Cited by 8
Sexualbezogene Halluzinationen und Träume unter Anästhesie und Sedierung
Schneemilch, C. E., Schiltz, K., Meinshausen, E., & Hachenberg, T. (2012) · Der Anaesthesist · doi:10.1007/s00101-012-1999-z · Cited by 8
Hallucinations Associated with Neurological Disorders and Sensory Loss
Fénelon, G. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4121-2_4 · Cited by 10
Relationship between Dreaming and Memory Reconsolidation
Zhao, H., Li, D., & Li, X. (2018) · Brain Science Advances · doi:10.26599/bsa.2018.9050005 · Cited by 11
“Still many phenomenological dissimilarities exist between dreaming and waking [25].”
BackgroundStructural and Functional Differences in Brain Mechanisms of Dream Recall
Scarpelli, S., Gorgoni, M., D’Atri, A., Ferrara, M., & Gennaro, L. D. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00018-9 · Cited by 8
Arousal and normal conscious cognition
Torterolo, P., Castro‐Zaballa, S., Cavelli, M., & González, J. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817992-5.00001-5 · Cited by 11
The brain simulates actions and their consequences during REM sleepPreprint
Senzai, Y., & Scanziani, M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.13.607810 · Cited by 8
Sleep as Suspension of Localization
Tkemaladze, J. (2026) · Longevity Horizon · doi:10.65649/xz8vte24 · Cited by 13
REM sleep vs exploratory wakefulness: Alternatives within adult ‘sleep debt’?
Horne, J. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101252 · Cited by 9
Relationship Between Epilepsy and Dreaming: Current Knowledge, Hypotheses, and Perspectives
de la Chapelle, A., Frauscher, B., Valomon, A., Ruby, P. M., & Peter‐Derex, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.717078 · Cited by 8
An integrative theory of visual mentation and spontaneous creativity
Bogart, B. D. R., Pasquier, P., & Barnes, S. J. (2013) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/2466627.2466639 · Cited by 6
“Nir and Tononi [21] link dreaming with mental imagery as the activation of representations implicated in mental imagery.”
BackgroundInfluentialI’m thinking your thoughts while I sleep: Sense of agency and ownership over dream thought.
Rosen, M. G. (2015) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000064 · Cited by 8
Milinski, L., Nodal, F. R., Emmerson, M. K., King, A. J., Vyazovskiy, V. V., & Bajo, V. M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0304306 · Cited by 7
Si, Y., Chen, J., Shen, Y., Kubra, S., Mei, B., Qin, Z. S., Pan, B., & Meng, B. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.02.007 · Cited by 6
Becoming aware: towards a post-constructivist theory of learning
Roth, W. (2015) · Learning Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/23735082.2015.994256 · Cited by 9
“Such an approach is still uncommon in the learning sciences, which are by and large limiting their methodological toolbox to third-person approaches – and they do so even though first-person approaches have gained currency in the cognitive sciences (e.g., Cohen & Dennett, 2011; Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundWhat should the sensorimotor enactivist say about dreams?
Barkasi, M. (2021) · Philosophical Explorations · doi:10.1080/13869795.2021.1908575 · Cited by 6
“These active areas include the inferior temporal cortex, fusiform gyrus, and dorsal lateral occipital cortex, along with their projections in the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus (Braun et al. 1998, 93; Schwartz and Maquet 2002, 23; Nielsen and Stenstrom 2005, 1286; Nir and Tononi 2010, 89).”
BackgroundInfluentialYager, J., & Feinstein, R. E. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000208 · Cited by 6
Hong, Z. (2021) · Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kfzxs · Cited by 33
“Existing research, however, leaves an important and obvious question inadequately addressed: why do people believe in the validity of oneiromancy when modern neuroscience has shown that dreams do not necessarily have any bearings on future events (Barrett & McNamara, 2007; Nir & Tononi, 2010)?”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Nir, Y., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 88-100
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2814941
- OpenAlex
- W2081767153
- Cited by
- 595
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p20mh077967-04, DP1OD000579)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P20MH-077967)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- dreams, phenomenology of dreams, brain lesions, functional imaging, mental imagery, perception, sleep
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Consciousness, Dreams, Emotions, Environment, Humans, Imagination, Neurophysiology, Perception, Psychophysiology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-26 (prompt extract-v2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
