Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology
Open accessAbstract
Dreams are a most remarkable experiment in psychology and neuroscience, conducted every night in every sleeping person. They show that our brain, disconnected from the environment, can generate by itself an entire world of conscious experiences. Content analysis and developmental studies have furthered our understanding of dream phenomenology. In parallel, brain lesion studies, functional imaging, and neurophysiology have advanced our knowledge of the neural basis of dreaming. It is now possible to start integrating these two strands of research in order to address some fundamental questions that dreams pose for cognitive neuroscience: how conscious experiences in sleep relate to underlying brain activity; why the dreamer is largely disconnected from the environment; and whether dreaming is more closely related to mental imagery or to perception.
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Claims the paper makes
1 of 47 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Background
There may be an antagonism between externally oriented cortical networks and internally oriented default-mode networks.
“An intriguing possibility concerns the putative antagonism between externally oriented cortical networks and internally oriented, default-mode networks[92, 93].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 2 sources checked- cites [92] Golland, 2007, Extrinsic and intrinsic systems in the posterior cortex of the human brain revealed during natural sensory stimulation, Cereb. Cortex source
The Introduction distinguishes an externally driven extrinsic system from an intrinsic system associated with internally driven functions, and the default-mode comparison reports that parts of the intrinsic system deactivate during visual stimulation. But the same comparison explicitly says this study did not observe a negative correlation between the two systems. The paper therefore supports a possible tension between them, not a demonstrated antagonistic relationship. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [93] Ioannides, 2009, MEG identifies dorsal medial brain activations during sleep, Neuroimage source
- Finding
Histamine levels appear correlated with the capacity to incorporate sensory stimuli into conscious experience.
“Neuromodulatory activity in cataplectic dogs is largely similar to that in REM sleep except that levels of histamine are high, much like during wakefulness[105]. It thus seems that levels of histamine are correlated with our ability to incorporate sensory stimuli into conscious experience.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [105] Gallop, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Finding
Dreaming normally involves a marked loss of voluntary control over actions and thoughts.
“In fact, during dreaming there is a prominent reduction of voluntary control of action and thought. We cannot pursue goals, and have no control over the dream’s content.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
Dreams are predominantly visual, colored, shape-rich, movement-filled, and include waking categories like people, faces, places, objects, and animals.
“Dreams are highly visual, in full color, rich in shapes, full of movement, and incorporate typical wakefulness categories such as people, faces, places, objects, and animals[3].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Hobson, 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Finding
External stimuli generally fail to enter dream content, though some stimuli have a slightly higher chance.
“Moreover, stimuli not only fail to elicit a behavioral response, but also largely fail to be incorporated in the content of the dream[8, 84–86] (though some stimuli, such as a spray of water, pressure on the limbs, and meaningful words have a slightly higher chance of incorporation[84, 85]).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 4 sources checked- cites [8] Rechtschaffen, 1965, Effect of visual stimuli on dream content, Percept. Mot. Skills source
- cites [84] Berger, 1963, Experimental modification of dream content by meaningful verbal stimuli, Br. J. Psychiatry source
- cites [85] Koulack, 1969, Effects of somatosensory stimulation on dream content, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry source
- cites [86] Steriade, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Finding
Dreaming depends on an intact temporo-parieto-occipital junction, a region also involved in waking mental imagery.
“From lesion studies (Box 3) we know that dreaming requires an intact temporo-parieto-occipital junction[22, 23] and lesions in this region also affect mental imagery in wakefulness[109].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 3 sources checked- cites [22] Solms, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [23] Solms, 2000, Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms, Behav. Brain Sci. source
- cites [109] Butler, 1985, Individual differences in memory for dreams: the role of cognitive skills, Percept. Mot. Skills source
- Finding
Lesion evidence indicates dreaming relies on specific forebrain regions rather than the brainstem REM sleep generator.
“Overall, lesion studies indicate that dreaming depends on specific forebrain regions rather than on the brainstem REM sleep generator[22, 128, 129].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 3 sources checked - Finding
A high arousal threshold persists in REM sleep even though its EEG resembles wakefulness.
“This feature is known as “high arousal threshold”, and it persists in REM sleep despite its wake-like low-voltage EEG[83].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [83] Dement, 1958, The relation of eye movements, body motility, and external stimuli to dream content, J. Exp. Psychol. source
- Finding
A substantial minority of NREM sleep reports cannot be distinguished from REM sleep reports.
“Indeed, 10–30% of all NREM sleep reports are indistinguishable by any criteria from those obtained from REM sleep[64, 65].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 2 sources checked - Finding
When the question is broadened, NREM sleep awakenings yield conscious experience reports at rates from 23% to 74%.
“reports of conscious experiences in NREM sleep ranged between 23% and 74%[9].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Rechtschaffen, 1973, The psychophysiology of mental activity during sleep source
- Finding
REM sleep is marked by strong activation of limbic and paralimbic regions including the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula.
“REM sleep is in fact associated with a marked activation of limbic and paralimbic structures such as the amygdala, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the insula[15, 17, 19] (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 3 sources checked- cites [15] Maquet, 1996, Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming, Nature source
- cites [17] Nofzinger, 1997, Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG PET study, Brain Res. source
- cites [19] Maquet, 2000, Experience-dependent changes in cerebral activation during human REM sleep, Nat. Neurosci. source
- Finding
Electrical stimulation in high-order regions such as medial temporal lobe can produce dream-like experiences in epileptic patients.
“In epileptic patients, direct electrical stimulation in high-order regions such as the medial temporal lobe, rather than in visual cortex, can elicit “dream-like” experiences[111], although such patients are simultaneously aware of their surroundings.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [111] Finke, 1981, Mapping the visual field in mental imagery, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. source
- Finding
Dopaminergic modulation may influence dreaming, as prefrontal leucotomies reduce it and dopaminergic agonists increase it.
“Dopaminergic modulation may also play a role[23], since dreaming is decreased by prefrontal leucotomies that cut dopaminergic fibers[53] and is increased by dopaminergic agonists[23] (Table 1 and Fig. 2).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 2 sources checked- cites [23] Solms, 2000, Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms, Behav. Brain Sci. source
- cites [53] Panksepp, 1985, Mood changes
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Finding
During early-night slow wave sleep, consciousness can almost disappear even though thalamocortical neural activity continues.
“During slow wave sleep (SWS) early in the night, consciousness can nearly vanish despite persistent neural activity in the thalamocortical system[10].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Massimini, 2005, Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep, Science source
- Finding
The right inferior parietal cortex is implicated in waking volition and is deactivated during REM sleep.
“Interestingly, recent evidence points to the role of the right inferior parietal cortex (Brodmann’s Area 40) in waking volition[26, 27], an area that is deactivated during REM sleep[15, 16] (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 4 sources checked- cites [26] Goldberg, 2008, Neuronal correlates of ‘free will’ are associated with regional specialization in the human intrinsic/default network, Conscious Cogn. source
- cites [27] Desmurget, 2009, Movement intention after parietal cortex stimulation in humans, Science source
- cites [15] Maquet, 1996, Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming, Nature source
- cites [16] Braun, 1997, Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. An H2(15)O PET study, Brain source
- Finding
Children under seven report dreaming much less often after REM awakenings than adults do.
“a series of studies by David Foulkes showed that children under the age of 7 reported dreaming only 20% of the time when awakened from REM sleep, compared with 80–90% in adults[21].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Foulkes, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Finding
Dreaming and REM sleep can be dissociated by brain lesions.
“Moreover, neuropsychological evidence indicates that dreaming and REM sleep can be dissociated: forebrain lesions may abolish dreaming and spare REM sleep, whereas brainstem lesions may nearly eliminate overt features of REM sleep without abolishing dreams[23] (Box 3).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Solms, 2000, Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms, Behav. Brain Sci. source
- Finding
Awakenings from REM and some other sleep phases often produce typical, vivid, sensorimotor, narrative dreams.
“Subjects awakened from other phases of sleep, especially but not exclusively during REM sleep, report “typical”, full-fledged dreams - vivid, sensorimotor hallucinatory experiences that follow a narrative structure[3, 11].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] Hobson, 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [11] Hobson, 2000, Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states, Behav. Brain Sci. source
- Finding
The paper concludes that converging evidence supports dreaming being closely related to imagination with top-down brain activity.
“Converging evidence from multiple fields of study, including phenomenology, development, neuropsychology, functional imaging, and neurophysiology, support the notion that dreaming may be closely related to imagination, where brain activity presumably flows in a “top-down” manner.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
Lucid dreamers report inability to focus on fine visual details, paralleling mental imagery.
“Other evidence comes from lucid dreamers[25] who report that it is impossible to focus on fine-grain details of visual objects, as is the case in mental imagery[112].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 2 sources checked- cites [25] LaBerge, 1992, Physiological studies of lucid dreaming source
- cites [112] Mahowald, 2000, REM sleep parasomnias
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
Freud and followers held that dreams arise from psychic motives later expressed as sensory percepts, similar to mental imagery.
“By contrast, Freud and some of his followers asserted that dreams originate from psychic motives that are later instantiated as sensory percepts, much like mental imagery[5].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] Freud, 1900
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Method
Dream consciousness can only be accessed through reports, and experimental manipulation of dream content is difficult.
“The study of dreams is a formidable task, because dream consciousness is only accessible via report rather than direct observation (Box 1) and because it is difficult to manipulate dream content experimentally, whether by exposure to stimuli before[6, 7] or during sleep[7, 8].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 3 sources checked- cites [6] Foulkes, 1964, Presleep determinants of dream content: effect of two films, Percept. Mot. Skills source
- cites [7] Arkin, 1991, The effects of external stimuli applied prior to and during sleep on sleep experience
- cites [8] Rechtschaffen, 1965, Effect of visual stimuli on dream content, Percept. Mot. Skills source
- Premise
During REM sleep, acetylcholine alone sustains brain activation while monoaminergic systems are silent.
“During REM sleep, acetylcholine is alone in maintaining brain activation, whereas monoaminergic systems are silent, an observation that could explain many features of dreams[11].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Hobson, 2000, Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states, Behav. Brain Sci. source
- Background
Scientific study of dreams is relatively recent, despite long-standing human fascination.
“Although dreams have fascinated us since the dawn of time, their rigorous, scientific study is a recent development[1–4]”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 4 sources checked- cites [1] 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [2] 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [3] Hobson, 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [4] Hobson, 2009, REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. source
- Background
The AIM model proposes that brainstem-generated signals during REM sleep excite visual cortex and are then processed by higher-order areas.
“A similar notion was later adopted by Henri Beaunis, and recently championed by Allan Hobson (Table 1)[4, 11, 47]. According to his AIM model, internally generated signals originating in the brainstem during REM sleep, such as PGO waves, excite visual cortex and are later processed and synthesized by higher-order areas.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 3 sources checked- cites [4] Hobson, 2009, REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. source
- cites [11] Hobson, 2000, Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states, Behav. Brain Sci. source
- cites [47] Hobson, 2002, The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: neuronal systems, consciousness and learning, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. source
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The modification of memory performance across early childhood parallels the improvement of dream recall rates in children.
“The modification of memory performance across early childhood, due in the firsts ages to the so-called infantile amnesia72–74 and subsequently to the development of cognitive functions,67 parallel the improvement of dream recall rates in children.”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
The section ‘Similarities between dreaming and waking’ reports that children’s dream reports become more frequent around age seven and begin to include episodic memories. But it explicitly says children’s dream recall correlates best with mental imagery and visuo-spatial skills, rather than memory capabilities; it does not support the claimed parallel with memory performance. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInfantile amnesia and confabulatory reports in infancy are the main reasons why reliable studies in this age range cannot be carried out.
“infantile amnesia and confabulatory reports in infancy are the main reasons why reliable studies in this age range cannot be carried out.73,74”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
The section on similarities between dreaming and waking links infantile amnesia to preschoolers’ limited episodic recollection, while Contemporary dream research discusses general limits on the trustworthiness of dream reports. Neither passage identifies confabulatory reports in infancy as a reason studies cannot be carried out, or says these are the main reasons; the paper discusses dream reports from children aged 2–5. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe regions implicated in emotional processes during wakefulness are also responsible for the neurophysiological background of REM sleep that can explain some qualitative features of dream experience.
“the regions implicated in emotional processes during wakefulness are also responsible for the neurophysiological background of REM sleep that can explain some qualitative features of DE”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Nir and Tononi, 2010
The ‘Emotionality’ subsection reports marked activation of limbic and paralimbic regions during REM sleep alongside emotional dream experiences. But it describes an association, not a finding that those regions are responsible for REM sleep’s neurophysiology or explain dream emotions; it also notes that emotions are absent from 25–30% of REM sleep reports. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMental imagery shares the same neuronal substrates as dreaming.
“Considering that mental imagery shares the same neuronal substrates as dreaming [2,73]”
From How Adversarial REM Dreams May Facilitate Creativity, and Why We Become Aware of Them (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In “Are dreams more like perception or imagination?” (page unavailable), the paper says that damage to the temporo-parieto-occipital junction affects both dreaming and waking mental imagery. It describes this as evidence that dreaming may be more closely related to imagination than perception, but treats a comparison of their functional networks as an open question. The categorical claim that they share the same neuronal substrates therefore goes beyond the evidence presented. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlthough sleep is often associated with rest, the brain remains highly active, with neuronal activity persisting but exhibiting frequency patterns distinct from wakefulness.
“Although sleep is often associated with “rest,” the brain remains highly active, with neuronal activity persisting but exhibiting frequency patterns distinct from those observed during wakefulness23,24.”
From Energy paradox in REM sleep: balancing supply and consumption in brain metabolism (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The ‘Phenomenology of dreams and their relation to brain activity’ section says neural activity persists during slow-wave sleep. The ‘What determines the level of consciousness during sleep?’ section describes large slow waves in NREM sleep, but also says REM sleep has a fast, low-voltage EEG resembling wakefulness. Thus, the claim that sleep generally has frequency patterns distinct from wakefulness overgeneralizes across sleep stages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The processes that regulate dreaming and emotional salience in sleep mentation share similar neural substrates with those controlling emotions during wakefulness.
“the processes that regulate dreaming and emotional salience in sleep mentation share similar neural substrates of those controlling emotions during wakefulness”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Nir and Tononi, 2010
In ‘Similarities between dreaming and waking’ (page unavailable), the paper reports emotional dreams and activation of limbic and paralimbic structures during REM sleep. It also describes broad neurophysiological similarities between waking and dreaming, but does not establish that the processes regulating emotional salience in dreams share the neural substrates that control waking emotions. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeural activation of emotional-limbic and reward systems during REM-DE contributes to the offline reprocessing of emotions and associative learning.
“the neural activation of emotional-limbic (Nir and Tononi, 2010) and reward systems (Perogamvros and Schwartz, 2012) during REM-DE contributes to the offline reprocessing of emotions and associative learning”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Nir and Tononi, 2010
The “Emotionality” passage in “Similarities between dreaming and waking” (page not available) reports marked activation of limbic and paralimbic structures during REM sleep. It does not establish that this activation contributes to offline emotional reprocessing or associative learning. The reward-system claim is separately attributed to another source and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDream content analysis reveals a full development and adult-like content of dream experience from 9 years of age.
“At the same time, dream content analysis reveals a full development and adult-like content of dream experience from 9 years of age,4,89,73,91 coherent with mature mental imagery skills.73,92”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
In “Similarities between dreaming and waking” (page unavailable), the paper says that around age 7, children’s dream reports become longer and more frequent and begin to include narrative structure, feelings, and autobiographical memories. It does not say that dream experience is fully developed or adult-like from age 9. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA first real development in dream content is reached at the age of 7 years, when the child starts to represent himself in the dream, with higher emotional content, active participation, and narrative structure, in dreams overall more frequent and longer.
“A first real development in dream content is reached at the age of 7 years, when the child starts to represent himself in the dream, with higher emotional content, active participation, and narrative structure, in dreams overall more frequent and longer.4,73,89,91”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
Longer reports, but with still low recall rate, are reached between ages 5 and 7 years.
“Longer reports, but with still low recall rate, are reached between ages 5 and 7 years.”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
Dream content at the age of 2-5 years shows a general absence of people, object, and events, being usually a static report of single characters.
“Specifically, dream content at the age of 2–5 years shows a general absence of people, object, and events, being usually a static report of single characters.”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
The ages in which children begin to report some dream content seem to parallel their cognitive maturation.
“The ages in which children begin to report some dream content seem to parallel their cognitive maturation.73”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
The distribution of brain activity in REM sleep is not homogenous.
“the distribution of brain activity in REM sleep is not homogenous”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Nir and Tononi, 2010
Dreams usually evoke the sensation of being awake because similar features as in the external sensorium are incorporated in a realistic manner.
“Strikingly, these experiences usually evoke the sensation of being awake, since similar features as in our external sensorium (characters, objects, colors, places, and sounds) are incorporated in a realistic manner [2].”
From How Adversarial REM Dreams May Facilitate Creativity, and Why We Become Aware of Them (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
During sleep subjects are largely disconnected from the environment on both input and output side, meaning that in the majority of cases sensory stimuli do not influence the content of experience.
“Second, during sleep subjects are largely disconnected from the environment on both the input and output side, meaning that in the majority of cases, sensory stimuli do not influence the content of experience 2 .”
From The neural correlates of dreaming (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
It is plausible that the neural substrate for sleep mentation shares some brain regions with the network for mind wandering (the default mode network).
“In other words, mind wandering and dreaming both refers to a peculiar internal cognition, so it is plausible that the neural substrate for sleep mentation shares some brain regions with the network for mind wandering (i.e., DMN; Fosse and Domhoff, 2007; Ioannides et al., 2009; Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
From EEG oscillations during sleep and dream recall: state- or trait-like individual differences? (2015) · cites this paper as Nir and Tononi, 2010
Children start at 4 years of age to discern dream from reality and reach a complete comprehension of this difference at the age of 9 years, when cognitive abilities are adequately matured.
“Some empirical evidence showed that children start at 4 years of age to discern dream from reality and reach a complete comprehension of this difference at the age of 9 years, when cognitive abilities are adequately matured.4,69,73,89,90”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
The ‘Similarities between dreaming and waking’ section describes changes in children’s dream reports around ages 5–7 and links dream recall to mental imagery. It does not say when children begin to distinguish dreams from reality or when they fully understand that distinction. Searches for the dream–reality distinction and ages four and nine found no passage addressing those milestones; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe age definition of the ability to discern a dream from reality is still controversial.
“Interestingly, another issue in facing dream research in infancy is the achievement of the ability to discern a dream from reality, whose age definition is still controversial.4,69,73,89,90”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
The section on children’s dreams (page not available) discusses age-related changes in dream reports and considers whether some children do not yet realize they are dreaming. It does not address when children acquire the ability to distinguish dreams from reality or whether the age at which they do so is controversial; searches for those points found no passage. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“For example, more than half of nocturnal awakenings reveal the occurrence of imaginary scenes or full-fledged dreams, so it could be dangerous if they gave rise to new declarative memories (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
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Self-citationThe brain's default network and its adaptive role in internal mentation
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“Moreover, the fact that in late sleep many brain regions remain in an ON state while only a minority of areas are in an OFF state may not be unrelated to the increased occurrence and intensity of dreaming in NREM sleep toward the end of the night (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
Self-citationThe neural correlates of dreaming
Siclari, F., Baird, B., Perogamvros, L., Bernardi, G., LaRocque, J. J., Riedner, B., Boly, M., Postle, B. R., & Tononi, G. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4545 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Restless Engram: Consolidations Never End
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“Dreams, the succession of sensorimotor and affective hallucinatory experiences that occur involuntarily during sleep, are prevalent during REM but not confined to it (Nielsen 2000, Nir & Tononi 2010).”
BackgroundNeural decoding of visual imagery during sleep
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Unresponsiveness ≠ unconsciousness
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“Increasing anesthetic dosage increases the relative time the neurons are in the down state, which in turn appears to be associated with unconsciousness.(4) As the relative duration of the down states increases, electroencephalographic changes occur with spindle and then wave activity, slow fluctuations in power, and e…”
InfluentialSelf-citationSleep and emotional processing
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“A TMS/EEG response similar to that evoked by ketamine can also be recorded during REM sleep [31], a state of high cholinergic tone [32] during which subjects almost invariably experience dreams [33, 34].”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntegrated information theory of consciousness: an updated account.
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Self-citationCellular Mechanisms of Conscious Processing
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“Furthermore, it has been proposed that during dreams conscious experience is generated partly by the top-down stream [78,79].”
BackgroundDreaming as mind wandering: evidence from functional neuroimaging and first-person content reports
Fox, K. C. R., Nijeboer, S., Solomonova, E., Domhoff, G. W., & Christoff, K. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00412 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“…involved in, overlap with that of dreaming/REM sleep has also been raised (Fosse and Domhoff, 2007; Pace-Schott, 2007, 2011; Ioannides et al., 2009; Nir and Tononi, 2010), but these comparisons too have remained qualitative: a quantitative meta-analysis has yet to be applied to the question of the…”
BackgroundConsciousness in humans and non-human animals: recent advances and future directions
Boly, M., Seth, A. K., Wilke, M., Ingmundson, P., Baars, B., Laureys, S., Edelman, D. B., & Tsuchiya, N. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00625 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
“Importantly, a range of studies have outlined dissociations between objective performance and subjective reports, for example in so-called “blindsight” patients [who after lesions of primary visual cortex, lose consciously reportable vision (Persaud et al., 2011)] and in normal subjects (Lau and…”
BackgroundEEG microstates of wakefulness and NREM sleep
Brodbeck, V., Kuhn, A., von Wegner, F., Morzelewski, A., Tagliazucchi, E., Borisov, S. V., Michel, C. M., & Laufs, H. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.060 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“AASM sleep stage classification in 30 s epochs has proven high clinical utility, however might be too coarse for scientific approaches (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundThe role of REM sleep theta activity in emotional memory
Hutchison, I. C., & Rathore, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01439 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“Areas implicated in memory processing during wake, in particular limbic circuits within the medial temporal lobe, are highly active during REM sleep (Maquet et al., 1996; Braun, 1997; Nofzinger et al., 1997; Braun et al., 1998; Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundREM Sleep Instability – A New Pathway for Insomnia?
Riemann, D. W., Spiegelhalder, K., Nissen, C., Hirscher, V., Baglioni, C., & Feige, B. (2012) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1299721 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Humans can learn new information during sleep
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Self-citationLocal aspects of sleep and wakefulness
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“Normally, NE activity is high during wake, low during NREMS, and nearly completely quiescent during REMS [244].”
BackgroundInfluentialLocal Slow Waves in Superficial Layers of Primary Cortical Areas during REM Sleep
Funk, C. M., Honjoh, S., Rodriguez, A. V., Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.062 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationThe cognitive neuroscience of lucid dreaming
Baird, B., Mota-Rolim, S. A., & Dresler, M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.008 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes
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“It has been demonstrated that the distribution of brain activity in REM sleep is not homogenous (Maquet, 2000; Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialNatural world physical, brain operational, and mind phenomenal space–time
Fingelkurts, A. A., Fingelkurts, A. A., & Neves, C. F. H. (2010) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2010.04.001 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“49 Even individuals who are blinded after the age of 5–7 years appear to have visual imagination and full-fledged dreams with completely realistic visual imagery throughout their life [356], thus indicating the existence of a quite independent and rich phenomenal world.”
BackgroundDreamlike effects of LSD on waking imagery in humans depend on serotonin 2A receptor activation
Krähenmann, R., Pokorný, D., Vollenweider, L., Preller, K. H., Pokorny, T., Seifritz, E., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4610-0 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Reversal of cortical information flow during visual imagery as compared to visual perception
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Self-citationAssessing sleep consciousness within subjects using a serial awakening paradigm
Siclari, F., LaRocque, J. J., Postle, B. R., & Tononi, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00542 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Neurology of Consciousness
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Self-citationThe role of rapid eye movement sleep for amygdala-related memory processing
Genzel, L., Spoormaker, V. I., Konrad, B. N., & Dresler, M. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.01.008 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“This is in line with neuroimaging studies of REM sleep, demonstrating that neural areas involved in emotion regulation like the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are highly activated during REM sleep (Nir Tononi, 2010).”
ResultCanto, C. B., Onuki, Y., Bruinsma, B., van der Werf, Y. D., & Zeeuw, C. I. D. (2017) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2017.03.001 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“In addition, the REM sleep state shows the so-called ponto-geniculo-occipital waves, which can even coincide with the phase of the eye movements during REM [45].”
Single-neuron activity and eye movements during human REM sleep and awake vision
Andrillon, T., Nir, Y., Cirelli, C., Tononi, G., & Fried, I. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8884 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural Markers of Responsiveness to the Environment in Human Sleep
Andrillon, T., Poulsen, A. T., Hansen, L. K., Léger, D., & Kouider, S. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0902-16.2016 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“It has been proposed that dreams themselves would compete and block the processing of external inputs (Nir and Tononi, 2010), but direct evidence is still missing.”
BackgroundInfluentialSleep-stage-specific regulation of cortical excitation and inhibition
Niethard, N., Hasegawa, M., Itokazu, T., Oyanedel, C. N., Born, J., & Sato, T. R. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.035 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Landsness, E. C., Bruno, M., Noirhomme, Q., Riedner, B. A., Gosseries, O., Schnakers, C., Massimini, M., Laureys, S., Tononi, G., & Boly, M. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr152 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“REM sleep has been linked in healthy volunteers to emotional content and vivid visual imagery (Nir and Tononi, 2010) that could also be present in these patients.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAre there islands of awareness?
Bayne, T., Seth, A. K., & Massimini, M. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2019.11.003 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“One form of disconnection occurs in dreaming, when changes in neuromodulation result in cortical gating of sensory inputs and in inhibition of motor neurons [9].”
Sleep, recovery, and metaregulation: explaining the benefits of sleep
Vyazovskiy, V. V. (2015) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s54036 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“68,69 The occurrence of EEG slow waves is an essential defining characteristic of physiological NREM sleep, the polysomnogram detection of which is dictated by the amplitude and frequency of these slow waves, in addition to other electrographic phenomena such as spindles.”
Nir, Y., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Cirelli, C., Banks, M. I., & Tononi, G. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht328 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Moreover, stimuli largely fail to be incorporated in the content of dreams (Rechtschaffen 1978; Nir and Tononi 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe vigilant sleeper: neural mechanisms of sensory (de)coupling during sleep
Andrillon, T., & Kouider, S. (2020) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.002 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Marzano, C., Ferrara, M., Mauro, F., Moroni, F., Gorgoni, M., Tempesta, D., Cipolli, C., & De Gennaro, L. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0412-11.2011 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“…(and, probably, also qualitative) differences in dreams reported after awakening from the two states (Nielsen, 2000), and the peculiar physiology of REM sleep, whose electrophysiological and neurochemical milieu resembles that of wakefulness more than that of NREM sleep (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundResultConsciousness Regained: Disentangling Mechanisms, Brain Systems, and Behavioral Responses
Storm, J. F., Boly, M., Casali, A. G., Massimini, M., Olcese, U., Pennartz, C. M. A., & Wilke, M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1838-17.2017 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“For example, during dreaming, complex, temporally unfolding episodes can be as intense and vivid as waking experiences, yet sensory stimuli are typically ignored and rarely incorporated into the experience (Koulack, 1969; Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundNoradrenaline Modulates Visual Perception and Late Visually Evoked Activity
Gelbard-Sagiv, H., Magidov, E., Sharon, H., Hendler, T., & Nir, Y. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.051 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Interestingly, during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, while consciousness exists (dreaming) but is largely unaffected by external sensory stimuli [27], NE signaling is silent.”
BackgroundSelf-citationReal-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep
Konkoly, K. R., Appel, K., Chabani, E., Mangiaruga, A., Gott, J., Mallett, R., Caughran, B., Witkowski, S., Whitmore, N. W., Mazurek, C. Y., et al. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.026 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Andrillon, T., Windt, J., Silk, T. J., Drummond, S. P. A., Bellgrove, M. A., & Tsuchiya, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00949 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“For example, local sleep occurrences in prefrontal cortices could be associated with a lack of awareness and agency such as in dreaming (Nir and Tononi, 2010; Voss et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAbraham, A. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23300 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Findings from the former in situ approach as well as the latter retrospective approach indicate that parts of the brain’s DMN, such as the medial prefrontal, temporo-parietal and hippocampal regions, which are involved in intentionality-based imagination, are more strongly associated with dreaming while cognitive cont…”
BackgroundWhat is the link between hallucinations, dreams, and hypnagogic–hypnopompic experiences?
Waters, F., Blom, J. D., Dang-Vu, T. T., Cheyne, A. J., Alderson-Day, B., Woodruff, P., & Collerton, D. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw076 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The neural substrate for dreaming: is it a subsystem of the default network?
William Domhoff, G. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.03.001 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“…be that studies using fMRI, MEG and/or high-density electroencephalography (hd-EEG) can provide the temporal and spatial resolution necessary, as Nir and Tononi (2010) suggest, especially if used in conjunction with spontaneous NREM morning awakenings similar to those studied by Cicogna et al.…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHorikawa, T., & Kamitani, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2017.00004 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Although REM sleep and its underlying neurophysiological mechanisms were originally believed to be indispensable for dreaming, there has been accumulating evidence that dreaming is dissociable from REM sleep and can be experienced during NREM sleep periods (Nir and Tononi, 2009).”
BackgroundResting brain activity varies with dream recall frequency between subjects
Eichenlaub, J.-B., Nicolas, A., Daltrozzo, J., Redouté, J., Costes, N., & Ruby, P. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.6 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Despite recent advances (Wamsley et al, 2010; Dresler et al, 2011; Marzano et al, 2011; Eichenlaub et al, 2013), the cerebral correlates of dreaming remain unclear (Maquet and Ruby, 2004; for reviews, see Hobson, 2005; Nir and Tononi, 2010; Ruby, 2011).”
BackgroundFormation and suppression of acoustic memories during human sleep
Andrillon, T., Pressnitzer, D., Léger, D., & Kouider, S. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00071-z · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Sanz, C., Zamberlán, F., Erowid, E., Erowid, F., & Tagliazucchi, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00007 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Some of these experiences are frequent during normal dream episodes, especially the dissociation between the first-person point of view and the bodily self, while others are more characteristic of lucid dreams (e.g., derealization) (Hobson, 2009; Nir and Tononi, 2010; Thompson, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSleep Disrupts High-Level Speech Parsing Despite Significant Basic Auditory Processing
Makov, S., Sharon, O., Ding, N., Ben‐Shachar, M., Nir, Y., & Golumbic, E. Z. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0168-17.2017 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Sleep is defined as a reversible state in which external stimuli rarely affect perception or elicit meaningful behavioral responses (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrain Connectivity in Disorders of Consciousness
Boly, M., Massimini, M., Garrido, M. I., Gosseries, O., Noirhomme, Q., Laureys, S., & Soddu, A. (2012) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2011.0049 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“The observed brain response to auditory stimulation is, thus, likely uncovering a relatively preserved level of consciousness, without being a signature of a mod-ification of its contents (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
LaBerge, S. P., Baird, B., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05547-0 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Eichenlaub, J.-B., Bertrand, O., Morlet, D., & Ruby, P. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs388 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Dreams and nightmares in healthy adults and in patients with sleep and neurological disorders
Siclari, F., Valli, K., & Arnulf, I. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30275-1 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
A cognitive process occurring during sleep is revealed by rapid eye movements
Senzai, Y., & Scanziani, M. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abp8852 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Hayat, H., Marmelshtein, A., Krom, A. J., Sela, Y., Tankus, A., Strauss, I., Fahoum, F., Fried, I., & Nir, Y. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01107-4 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationReporting dream experience: Why (not) to be skeptical about dream reports
Windt, J. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00708 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“…by: Kieran Fox, University of British Columbia, Canada Elizaveta Solomonova, Université de Montréal, Canada *Correspondence: Jennifer M. Windt, Philosophisches Seminar, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, D-55099 Mainz, Germany e-mail: windt@uni-mainz.de Are dreams subjective experiences during sleep?”
BackgroundLlewellyn, S. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12003135 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Or, how would the mnemonicsdream analogy deal with the finding that REM and dreams can be doubly dissociated such that dreams can occur without REM and REM can occur without dreams (Nir & Tononi 2010; Solms 2003a; Solms & Turnbull 2002)?”
BackgroundModeling Resting-State Functional Networks When the Cortex Falls Asleep: Local and Global Changes
Deco, G., Hagmann, P., Hudetz, A. G., & Tononi, G. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht176 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Falling asleep is a gradual phenomenon that includes major changes in behavior, a progressive disconnection from the environment, and marked shifts in the level and content of consciousness, which can vary from the vivid awareness of full-fledged wakefulness to the near-annihilation of experience in early nonrapid eye…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationHuman cerebral organoids and consciousness: a double-edged sword
Lavazza, A. (2020) · Bioethics News · doi:10.1007/s40592-020-00116-y · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Dreams and Psychedelics: Neurophenomenological Comparison and Therapeutic Implications
Kraehenmann, R. (2017) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1573413713666170619092629 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Second, although both states enhance mental imagery, there are at least gradual differences between psychedelic states where external stimuli from the body and the outside world are still influencing conscious experience (especially during eyes-open conditions), and dreams, where consciousness is decoupled from the en…”
BackgroundInfluentialOlfactory Aversive Conditioning during Sleep Reduces Cigarette-Smoking Behavior
Arzi, A., Holtzman, Y., Samnon, P., Eshel, N., Harel, E., & Sobel, N. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2291-14.2014 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In turn, the reduced effect in REM may be viewed as consistent with the rapid forgetting of REM-related memories (dream amnesia; Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
Bréchet, L., Brunet, D., Perogamvros, L., Tononi, G., & Michel, C. M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74075-z · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationLocal Use-Dependent Sleep; Synthesis of the New Paradigm
Krueger, J., & Tononi, G. (2011) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/156802611797470330 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“knows and learned [9].”
Self-citationMalinowski, J., & Horton, C. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01132 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“But as many researchers have shown (e.g., Solms, 2000; Domhoff, 2003), REM sleep and dreaming are doubly dissociable, and NREM dreams can take on the typical properties of REM dreams, especially later in the night (Wamsley et al., 2007; Nir and Tononi, 2010; Payne, 2010).”
BackgroundDynamic Network Activation of Hypothalamic MCH Neurons in REM Sleep and Exploratory Behavior
Blanco‐Centurion, C., Luo, S., Spergel, D. J., Vidal-Ortiz, A., Oprisan, S. A., van den Pol, A. N., Liu, M., & Shiromani, P. J. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0305-19.2019 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“of an internally cued cognitive state that underlies dreaming and memory consolidation (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundNere, A., Hashmi, A. G., Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00143 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“It is also in line with the evidence suggesting that cognitive activity during sleep is more akin to imagination than to perception (91).”
ResultSelf-citationSuchy-Dicey, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108164238 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Baird, B., Castelnovo, A., Gosseries, O., & Tononi, G. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36190-w · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationApical drive-A cellular mechanism of dreaming?
Aru, J., Siclari, F., Phillips, W. A., & Storm, J. F. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.018 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Responses in Rat Core Auditory Cortex are Preserved during Sleep Spindle Oscillations
Sela, Y., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Cirelli, C., Tononi, G., & Nir, Y. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5758 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationConsciousness Without Attention
Suchy-Dicey, C. (2015) · Journal of the American Philosophical Association · doi:10.1017/apa.2014.14 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…dreaming is associated with ‘reduced voluntary control of action and thought’ (Nir and Tononi 2010: 89) as well as ‘altered mnemonic processes’ (Nir and Tononi 2010: 92); both are explained by the absence of certain chemicals required for prefrontal feedback (e.g., dopamine, Hobson 2009)…”
BackgroundInfluentialI know how you felt last night, or do I? Self- and external ratings of emotions in REM sleep dreams
Sikka, P., Valli, K., Virta, T., & Revonsuo, A. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.01.011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“As such, dreaming reflects pure phenomenality and the importance of dream research in the scientific study of consciousness is now widely acknowledged (e.g., Hobson, 2009; Nir & Tononi, 2010; Revonsuo, 2006; Windt & Noreika, 2011).”
O’Callaghan, C., Walpola, I. C., & Shine, J. M. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0699 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Corsi‐Cabrera, M., Velasco, F., del Río‐Portilla, Y., Armony, J. L., Trejo‐Martínez, D., Guevara, M. Á., & Velasco, A. L. (2016) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12415 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Dreaming experience and emotions in dreams are not exclusive to phasic REM sleep, and may occur in REM after intervals free of eye movements and in any sleep stage (Desseilles et al., 2011; Nir and Tononi, 2010), especially late Stage 2 of non-REM sleep (Antrobus et al., 1995).”
BackgroundThe consciousness state space (CSS)—a unifying model for consciousness and self
Berkovich‐Ohana, A., & Glicksohn, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00341 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Neuroscientific studies of the neural space support this intuition: during dreaming, most of the DMN deactivates, as well as the extrinsic system (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundThe overfitted brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization
Hoel, E. (2021) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2021.100244 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Tononi, G., Boly, M., & Cirelli, C. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationDreaming as a story-telling instinct
Pace-Schott, E. F. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00159 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Recent speculations have focused on the brain’s “default network” as a possible neural substrate of dreaming (Pace-Schott, 2007, 2011a,b; Nir and Tononi, 2010; Wamsley and Stickgold, 2010; Domhoff, 2011).”
BackgroundPerogamvros, L., Baird, B., Seibold, M., Riedner, B., Boly, M., & Tononi, G. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01155 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Although there may be differences between thoughts that occur during wakefulness and dreaming, including reduced metacognitive insight (Nir & Tononi, 2010), several studies have suggested that the overall phenomenology of consciousness is remarkably similar across sleep and wake (Kahan & LaBerge,…”
Self-citationCipolli, C., Ferrara, M., De Gennaro, L., & Plazzi, G. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
To Simulate or Not to Simulate: What Are the Questions?
Dudai, Y., & Evers, K. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.031 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“This is in principle similar to the way one attempts to identify sleep and dreams objectively by looking for characteristic brain activity signatures (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
What about dreams ? State of the art and open questions
Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., Gorgoni, M., & Gennaro, L. D. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13609 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…awakenings, such as the experimental setting (Schredl, 2008), the physiological background of waking-life and by individual variables, such as personality, cognitive functions, censure/ omissions and socio-cultural features (Nir & Tononi, 2010), making dream reports not always completely reliable.”
BackgroundLajnef, T., Chaibi, S., Eichenlaub, J., Ruby, P. M., Aguera, P., Samet, M., Kachouri, A., & Jerbi, K. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00414 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Neuroscience-driven discovery and development of sleep therapeutics
Dresler, M., Spoormaker, V. I., Beitinger, P., Czisch, M., Kimura, M., Steiger, A., & Holsboer, F. (2014) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.012 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…related to dream phenomenology: Activation of visual association areas is in line with vivid imagery, amygdala activation with dream emotionality, and DLPFCdeactivationwith the lack of insight, reflexivity and volition commonly experienced in dreams (Hobson & Pace-Schott, 2002; Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundExperimental research on dreaming: state of the art and neuropsychoanalytic perspectives
Ruby, P. M. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00286 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Brain activity during REM sleep in humans is considered to be well understood (Hobson and Pace-Schott, 2002; Schwartz and Maquet, 2002; Nir and Tononi, 2010), but several results question this notion.”
BackgroundConsciousness and cortical responsiveness: a within-state study during non-rapid eye movement sleep
Nieminen, J. O., Gosseries, O., Massimini, M., Saad, E., Sheldon, A. D., Boly, M., Siclari, F., Postle, B. R., & Tononi, G. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep30932 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationCoherent neocortical 40‐Hz oscillations are not present during <scp>REM</scp> sleep
Castro, S., Falconi, A., Chase, M. H., & Torterolo, P. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12143 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Attention is unstable and rigidly focused, facts and reality are not checked, violation of physical laws and bizarreness are passively accepted, contextual congruence is distorted and time is altered (Rechtschaffen, 1978; Hobson, 2009; Nir & Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundLuppi, A. I., Cain, J. A., Spindler, L. R. B., Górska, U., Toker, D., Hudson, A. E., Brown, E. N., Diringer, M. N., Stevens, R. D., Massimini, M., et al. (2021) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-021-01281-6 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Likewise, independent studies during sleep and anesthesia (in which retrospective reports can be obtained on awakening) demonstrate that subjective experience frequently occurs even in the absence of any behavioral responsiveness [17, 18].”
BackgroundNeural substrates of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease
Lim, J., Shin, S. A., Lee, J., Nam, H., Lee, J., & Kim, Y. K. (2015) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.11.027 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Tang, W., & Jadhav, S. P. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.01.002 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Nir, Y., Massimini, M., Boly, M., & Tononi, G. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37580-4_9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Studying mental experiences during sleep offers a unique opportunity to explain how changes in brain activity relate to changes in consciousness (Hobson et al. 1998 ; Rees et al. 2002 ; Nir and Tononi 2010 ) .”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe 'scanning hypothesis' of rapid eye movements during REM sleep: a review of the evidence.
Arnulf, I. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.4449/aib.v149i4.1246 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“occur in non REM sleep (Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
Nielsen, T. (2017) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/nix001 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“In this regard, some recent studies have shown progress by focusing on increasingly brief dream events and more precise neurophysiological signals (see review in Nir and Tononi, 2010).”
BackgroundWindt, J., & Noreika, V. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.010 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sleep and vigilance states: Embracing spatiotemporal dynamics
Nir, Y., & de Lecea, L. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationPeace of mind and anxiety in the waking state are related to the affective content of dreams
Sikka, P., Pesonen, H., & Revonsuo, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30721-1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nir, Y., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 88-100
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2814941
- OpenAlex
- W2081767153
- Cited by
- 595
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p20mh077967-04, DP1OD000579)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P20MH-077967)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- dreams, phenomenology of dreams, brain lesions, functional imaging, mental imagery, perception, sleep
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Consciousness, Dreams, Emotions, Environment, Humans, Imagination, Neurophysiology, Perception, Psychophysiology
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