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Epigenetics and aging: the targets and the marks
Abstract
'Aging epigenetics' is an emerging field that promises exciting revelations in the near future. Here we focus on the functional and biological significance of the epigenetic alterations that accumulate during aging and are important in tumorigenesis. Paradigmatic examples are provided by the global loss of DNA methylation in aging and cancer and by the promoter hypermethylation of genes with a dual role in tumor suppression and progeria, such as the Werner syndrome (WRN) and lamin A/C genes. Another twist is provided by sirtuins, a family of NAD-dependent deacetylases that act on Lys16 of histone H4, which are emerging as a link between cellular transformation and lifespan.
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“It is recognized that epigenetic stability is proportional related to DNA methylation, as global hypomethylation of DNA may lead to genomic instability [179, 180].”
From Air pollution and children’s health—a review of adverse effects associated with prenatal exposure from fine to ultrafine particulate matter (2021) · cites this paper as [179]
In the citing paper
“Increased histone H4K16 acetylation, H4K20 trimethylation or H3K4 trimethylation, as well as decreased H3K9 methylation or H3K27 trimethylation, constitute age-associated epigenetic marks (Fraga and Esteller, 2007; Han and Brunet, 2012).”
From The Hallmarks of Aging (2013) · cites this paper as Fraga and Esteller, 2007
In the citing paper
“The age-associated repression of TERT is reminiscent of other key longevity-associated genes, where epigenetic alterations altering chromatin structure and accessibility accumulate in the cis-regulatory sequences during aging, leading changes in the transcriptional regulation of genes governing aging.41,42”
From TERT activation targets DNA methylation and multiple aging hallmarks (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
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Self-citationModulation of NF‐κB‐dependent transcription and cell survival by the SIRT1 deacetylase
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Inhibition of SIRT1 Reactivates Silenced Cancer Genes without Loss of Promoter DNA Hypermethylation
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“Discussion The ageing process is multidirectional, affecting the physiological functions of the body, and can be defined as the accumulation of damage in cells and tissues of the system throughout the life of the individual [25].”
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“Different genetic and epigenetic events have been reported as being progressive over time in cancer phenotype [3, 4].”
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“An example of this is the methylation of tumour-suppressor genes, which may explain the increased prevalence of sporadic tumours with age (Fraga and Esteller 2007; Issa et al. 1994).”
BackgroundDecoding human longevity: Genetic and molecular insights from accelerated to successful ageing
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“…for consistent detection, particularly in aged or environmentally exposed forensic samples [ 11], DNA methylation patterns can be influenced by individual-spe - cific factors such as environmental exposures and aging, reducing their suitability for large-scale forensic BFID applications [ 12, 13].”
Luviano, N., Dryburgh, M., McMaken, C. M., Liguori, A., & Gribble, K. E. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324769 · Cited by 1
Güven, E., & Akçay, S. (2022) · Human Gene · doi:10.1016/j.humgen.2022.201068 · Cited by 1
The Aging Epigenome and The Rejuvenation Strategies
Meiliana, A., Dewi, N. M., & Wijaya, A. (2022) · The Indonesian Biomedical Journal · doi:10.18585/inabj.v14i1.1777 · Cited by 1
“(2) exposure result in disrupted phenotype, gene expression, and even immune system (10).”
BackgroundDzobo, K. (2021) · OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2021.0024 · Cited by 1
“…been noted with cancer-causing mutations, age-linked genomic instability results in many chromosomal and epigenetic aberrations and mutations, leading to malfunctioning cellular systems impacting the immune system (Berdasco and Esteller, 2012; Fraga and Esteller, 2007; Gonzalo, 2010; Issa, 2003).”
Raganelli, A. (2018) · MOJ Food Processing & Technology · doi:10.15406/mojfpt.2018.06.00141 · Cited by 1
Myers, J. B. (2015) · World Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.4236/wjns.2015.53020 · Cited by 1
Ws, C., & Jh, C. (2015) · doi:10.4172/2329-9002.1000153 · Cited by 1
“Polycomb targets in hESCs [24] and Myc targets [25,26] were also used for subsequent analyses.”
MethodWITHDRAWN: Systems Biology and Immune Aging
O’Connor, J., Herrera, G., Martínez‐Romero, A., de Oyanguren, F. S., Díaz, L., Carvalho‐Gomes, Â., Balaguer, S., & Callaghan, R. C. (2014) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2014.09.008 · Cited by 1
Ayyanathan, K. (2014) · doi:10.1201/b16680-7 · Cited by 1
Understanding epigenetic effects in crop species
Disi, O. (2012) · African Journal of Plant Science · doi:10.5897/ajps11.099 · Cited by 2
“Age-related epigenetics consequences such as cancerous growths have been reported in humans (Sedivy et al., 2008; Fraga and Esteller, 2007).”
BackgroundReconstruction and analysis of the NF-kB pathway interactome: a systems biology approach
Tieri, P. (2010) · AMS Dottorato Institutional Doctoral Theses Repository (University of Bologna) · doi:10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/2317 · Cited by 1
Epigenetic Dysregulation in Aging and Cancer
Komninou, D., & Richie, J. P. (2009) · Epigenetics and human health · doi:10.1002/9783527628384.ch17 · Cited by 1
Eissenberg, J. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803239-8.00009-0
Reproductive toxicants in the environment and their role in some human diseases (Сlinic)
Dubossarskaya, Z. (2021) · doi:10.30841/2708-8731.2.2021.232523 · Cited by 1
Exercise, epigenetics, and aging
Chilton, W., Maier, M. C., Akinnibosun, O. A., O’Brien, B. J., & Charchar, F. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820682-9.00002-5 · Cited by 1
Epigenetics, aging and early life
Dhingra, R., Nwanaji‐Enwerem, J. C., Aiello, A. E., Sentilles, F., King, B. G., & Ward-Caviness, C. K. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819968-8.00011-1 · Cited by 2
Circulating Biomarkers of Aging
Zhang, H., Wang, B. Z., & Jin, K. (2019) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24970-0_21 · Cited by 2
Epigenetics of physiological and premature aging
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Cancer Chemoprevention by Dietary Polyphenols
Heyninck, K., Haegeman, G., & Goel, A. (2013) · Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398456-2.00091-8 · Cited by 1
Chapter 31 – Population Pharmacoepigenomics
Peedicayil, J. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375709-8.00031-9 · Cited by 1
Chromatin Structure in Senescent Cells
Richards, H. W., & Medrano, E. E. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1075-2_6 · Cited by 1
Epigenetics and the Aging Process
Tollefsbol, T. (2010) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0639-7_1 · Cited by 1
“increasingly clear that epigenetic processes play a major role in aging (Liu et al., 2003; Sedivy et al., 2008; Fraga and Esteller, 2007 ).”
BackgroundThe Epigenetics of Age-Related Cancers
Taylor, K. H., Bennett, L., Arthur, G. L., Shi, H.-D., & Caldwell, C. W. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0639-7_16 · Cited by 1
Fuchs, D., Vit, J.-P., Rentsendorj, A., Koronyo, Y., Sheyn, J., Gaire, B., Shahin, S., Shi, H.-S., Chepurna, O., Davis, M. R., et al. (2026) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71918
“…observed in AD + versus WT mice (X-maze: p = 0.0009; fear conditioning: p = 0.0021) were reversed by ETP69, as shown by increased percentage of X-maze alternations ( p = 0.0089; Figure 4E) and prolonged freezing in fear conditioning ( d = 0.44 to 1.82; RM, F [1,9] = 7.187, p = 0.0252; Figure 4F).”
InfluentialSkoczyńska, A. K., Lewiński, A., & Karbownik-Lewińska, M. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27167280
“Elevated SIRT1 expression or activity has been reported in several types of cancer, including leukemia, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, and soft tissue sarcomas, making SIRT1 a potential target for anticancer therapy [2,127–129].”
Spremo, J., Đorđievski, S., Purać, J. S., Kojić, D. K., Vukašinović, E. L., Pihler, I. I., & Čelić, T. V. (2026) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2026.111245
Li, P., Chen, Z., Zhang, X., Zeng, C., Chen, Y., Yang, S., & Xiong, Y. (2026) · Epigenomics · doi:10.1080/17501911.2026.2665461
Zhou, M., Wang, X., Wu, H., Lei, Y., Liao, M., He, S., & Yan, H. (2026) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2026.102112
Zhao, X.-Q., Chen, H.-Y., Zhu, Y., Xia, Z., He, H.-Y., Liu, Y., Yang, T., Wang, H., & Ao, Y. (2026) · Advancement of science · doi:10.1002/advs.202519743
“Studies have shown that aberrant epigenetic modifications are the main mechanism mediating the altered intrauterine programming [ 55 ].”
Epigenetic Signatures of Aging: From Cellular Senescence to Extended Lifespan
Aggarwal, J., & Modi, M. (2025) · Journal of Association for Medical Updates · doi:10.5005/jamu-11026-0012
Husain, L. (2025) · Clinical and Translational Discovery · doi:10.1002/ctd2.70065
Aparicio, N. L., Dryburgh, M., McMaken, C. M., Liguori, A., & Gribble, K. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.05.03.652051
“Among the main types of epigenetic regulation, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs modify the architecture and accessibility of DNA and ultimately regulate gene expression (Alexander and Lomvardas 2014; Fraga and Esteller 2007; Gonzalo 2010; Oleksiak and Rajora 2020).”
Lee, H., Pan, Y.-Z., & Chen, S. (2025) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.20431
“(Horvath, 2013; Fraga and Esteller, 2007; Jones et al., 2015; Bocklandt et al., 2011).”
Firsowicz, M., Bur, D., & Lain, E. (2023) · Dermatological Reviews · doi:10.1002/der2.219 · Cited by 1
“26,27 Epigenetic stressors have been studied as inducers of senescence as well.”
BackgroundResolving Geroplasticity to the Balance of Rejuvenins and Geriatrins
TABIBZADEH, S. S. (2022) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2022.0414
“As a result of telomere shortening, actively proliferating cells stop their cell division (replicative senescence) by the engagement of p16INK4a/Rb and p19ARF/p53, creating a diseased tissue landscape [6-12].”
BackgroundŞahin, S., & Taşkıran, E. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119484288.ch2
Alves-Rezende, M. A., Martins, J. D. L. P., Limírio, J. P. J. D. O., Salzedas, L. M. P., Bento, V. A. A., & Manta, F. F. (2022) · ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION · doi:10.21270/archi.v11i4.5395
Valerievich, D. R., Alekseevna, L. V., Сергеевич, М. В., & Olegovich, T. O. (2021) · doi:10.22541/au.162937787.79166011/v1
Душкин, Р., Lelekova, V. A., Максимов, В., Золман, О., & Иванович, Т. О. (2021) · doi:10.24108/preprints-3112261
Shen, C.-C., Pan, J., Yang, Z., Shen, Z., Mou, H., Tao, J., & Ji, F. (2020) · doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101691
RetractedMohammadi-Asl, J., Ghanbari-Mardasi, F., Saki, G., Rahim, F., Rashidi, I., Ranjbari, N., Kheradmand, P., Abromand, M., ghavabesh, J., & Fazeli, K. (2019) · Gene Cell and Tissue · doi:10.5812/gct.96452
“Epigenetic modification refers to both heritable changes in gene activity and expression and chromatin structure that occur without an alteration in the DNA sequence (3).”
BackgroundThe Role of NAD+ in Anti-Aging Therapies
Huang, T. (2019) · American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research · doi:10.34297/ajbsr.2019.06.001080 · Cited by 3
“Aging of an organism is accompanied by metabolic disorders and the impairment of physiological function, as well as the development of age-related diseases [1-4].”
BackgroundĆwirlej-Sozańska, A. B., Wiśniowska-Szurlej, A., Wilmowska-Pietruszyńska, A., Szurlej, Ł., & Sozański, B. (2019) · Advances in Rehabilitation · doi:10.5114/areh.2019.89823 · Cited by 1
“Each person experiences age-related changes based on many factors which results in weakening the physiological functions of the body [4].”
Quantifying expression variability in single-cell RNA sequencing data
Eling, N. (2019) · doi:10.17863/cam.38966
“Furthermore, ageing decreases the repressive H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 marks [317, 318].”
BackgroundRifai, K. T. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a04ac311z8c0az40fbzad86za9e08d080879
“In MDA-MB231 TNBC cells, a HMGA1 (high motility group A1)linked protein molecular signature was identified by proteomics analyses, and grouped 21 factors that have prognostic value in TNBC [72].”
BackgroundMethodAkın, D., Mumcuoğlu, M., Ozkan, D. T., Akar, N., & Kürekçi, A. (2018) · OALib · doi:10.4236/oalib.1104268
“Among the target, genes of SIRT1 are genes that control processes such as proliferation, differentiation, DNA damage and stress response, genomic stability [4] [5].”
BackgroundGenomics of Lung Aging and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Juan-Guardela, B. M., & Kaminski, N. (2015) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789814635011_0015
Deloche, C. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/138ec014z7cb3z46b2z8c8bzadafc51c891e · Cited by 1
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Epigenetics: At the Crossroads Between Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Disease
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Epigenomic reprogramming of caloric restriction on aging
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fraga, M. F., & Esteller, M.
- Affiliations
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Esteller, Manel
- Venue
- Trends in Genetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-08
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 413-418
- ISSN
- 0168-9525 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1990916340
- Cited by
- 690
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 3.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- DNA methylation loss, promoter hypermethylation, tumor suppression genes, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, Werner syndrome, lamin A/C, sirtuins, cell transformation, lifespan, carcinogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Histones, Humans, Models, Biological, Cellular Senescence, DNA Methylation, Gene Silencing, Epigenesis, Genetic
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