Experience-dependent structural plasticity in the cortex

In the paper

“The cumulative results from these in vivo studies reveal that development, experience, and various pathologies all affect spine and filopodium dynamics in significant ways”

In the paper

“Cumulative data have shown that experience-dependent plasticity occurs in adulthood and it is now well accepted that neuronal circuits of the mammalian brain are capable of changing in response to new experience throughout life [7–11].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Zito K Svoboda K 2002 Activity-dependent synaptogenesis in the adult Mammalian cortex Neuron 35 1015 1017 12354392 source
• Not checked yetcites [8] Holtmaat A Svoboda K 2009 Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain Nat Rev Neurosci 10 647 658 19693029 source
• Not checked yetcites [9] Bavelier D 2010 Removing brakes on adult brain plasticity: from molecular to behavioral interventions J Neurosci 30 14964 14971 21068299 PMC2992973 source
• Not checked yetcites [10] Chen JL Nedivi E 2010 Neuronal structural remodeling: is it all about access? Curr Opin Neurobiol 20 557 562 20621466 PMC2946477 source
• Not checked yetcites [11] Yu X Zuo Y 2010 Spine plasticity in the motor cortex Curr Opin Neurobiol 10.1016/j.conb.2010.07.010 PMC2991530 20728341

In the paper

“It is generally believed that a functional, mature neuronal circuit is formed from an initial pool of less precise synaptic connections.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] Holtmaat A Svoboda K 2009 Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain Nat Rev Neurosci 10 647 658 19693029 source
• Not checked yetcites [12] Lichtman JW Colman H 2000 Synapse elimination and indelible memory Neuron 25 269 278 10719884 source
• Not checked yetcites [13] Draft RW Lichtman JW 2009 It’s lonely at the top: winning climbing fibers ascend dendrites solo Neuron 63 6 8 19607787 PMC2790139 source

In the paper

“In the adult brain, synaptic plasticity continues through modifications of synaptic strength, as well as through formation and elimination of synapses [8, 10].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] Holtmaat A Svoboda K 2009 Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain Nat Rev Neurosci 10 647 658 19693029 source
• Not checked yetcites [10] Chen JL Nedivi E 2010 Neuronal structural remodeling: is it all about access? Curr Opin Neurobiol 20 557 562 20621466 PMC2946477 source

In the paper

“In contrast, absence of the tumor suppressor protein, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), results in continuous growth of L2/3 pyramidal neuron apical dendrites and expansion of the mature cortex [22].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [22] Chow DK 2009 Laminar and compartmental regulation of dendritic growth in mature cortex Nat Neurosci 12 116 118 19151711 PMC2842592 source

In the paper

“Ischemic stroke causes a rapid (within minutes) loss of spines and distortion of dendrites, which can be mostly recovered if reperfusion happens within one hour [67–69].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [67] Zhang S 2005 Rapid reversible changes in dendritic spine structure in vivo gated by the degree of ischemia J Neurosci 25 5333 5338 15930381 PMC6724996 source
• Not checked yetcites [68] Zhang S Murphy TH 2007 Imaging the impact of cortical microcirculation on synaptic structure and sensory-evoked hemodynamic responses in vivo PLoS Biol 5 e119 17456007 PMC1854912 source
• Not checked yetcites [69] Murphy TH 2008 Two-photon imaging of stroke onset in vivo reveals that NMDA-receptor independent ischemic depolarization is the major cause of rapid reversible damage to dendrites and spines J Neurosci 28 1756 1772 18272696 PMC6671530 source

In the paper

“Not only are these protrusions heterogeneous in shape [23–25], their density also changes during development and varies among different types of neurons [26–28].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Nimchinsky EA 2002 Structure and function of dendritic spines Annu Rev Physiol 64 313 353 11826272 source
• Not checked yetcites [27] Zuo Y 2005 Long-term sensory deprivation prevents dendritic spine loss in primary somatosensory cortex Nature 436 261 265 16015331 source
• Not checked yetcites [28] Holtmaat AJ 2005 Transient and persistent dendritic spines in the neocortex in vivo Neuron 45 279 291 15664179 source

In the paper

“Following stroke, dendritic branch remodeling and spine formation are selectively elevated in the peri-infarct area, leading to a gradual recovery of spine density between 1 and 6 weeks [70, 71].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [70] Brown CE 2007 Extensive turnover of dendritic spines and vascular remodeling in cortical tissues recovering from stroke J Neurosci 27 4101 4109 17428988 PMC6672555 source
• Not checked yetcites [71] Brown CE 2010 Longitudinal in vivo imaging reveals balanced and branch-specific remodeling of mature cortical pyramidal dendritic arbors after stroke J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 30 783 791 19920846 PMC2949167 source

In the paper

“Between 1 to 4 months of age, more spines are lost than formed in all cortical regions examined, resulting in a ~30% pruning of total spines [27, 36].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Zuo Y 2005 Long-term sensory deprivation prevents dendritic spine loss in primary somatosensory cortex Nature 436 261 265 16015331 source
• Not checked yetcites [36] Zuo Y 2005 Development of long-term dendritic spine stability in diverse regions of cerebral cortex Neuron 46 181 189 15848798 source

In the paper

“In adults, more than 70% of spines are stable over 18 months, with comparable rates of spine formation and elimination [36, 39].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Zuo Y 2005 Development of long-term dendritic spine stability in diverse regions of cerebral cortex Neuron 46 181 189 15848798 source
• Not checked yetcites [39] Grutzendler J 2002 Long-term dendritic spine stability in the adult cortex Nature 420 812 816 12490949 source

In the paper

“In summary, despite the debate on the baseline of spine dynamics (Box 2), it is now believed that dendritic spines change their morphology and turn over rapidly in developing animals but become much more stable in adults.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Zuo Y 2005 Development of long-term dendritic spine stability in diverse regions of cerebral cortex Neuron 46 181 189 15848798 source
• Not checked yetcites [39] Grutzendler J 2002 Long-term dendritic spine stability in the adult cortex Nature 420 812 816 12490949 source

In the paper

“While filopodia turn over on a daily basis, spines are much more stable [36, 39].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Zuo Y 2005 Development of long-term dendritic spine stability in diverse regions of cerebral cortex Neuron 46 181 189 15848798 source
• Not checked yetcites [39] Grutzendler J 2002 Long-term dendritic spine stability in the adult cortex Nature 420 812 816 12490949 source

In the paper

“Since post-stroke behavioral recovery is thought to be dependent on adjacent, surviving tissues taking over the function of damaged tissues, these studies provide a structural basis for functional reorganization in the peri-infarct region.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [70] Brown CE 2007 Extensive turnover of dendritic spines and vascular remodeling in cortical tissues recovering from stroke J Neurosci 27 4101 4109 17428988 PMC6672555 source
• Not checked yetcites [71] Brown CE 2010 Longitudinal in vivo imaging reveals balanced and branch-specific remodeling of mature cortical pyramidal dendritic arbors after stroke J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 30 783 791 19920846 PMC2949167 source

In the paper

“However, less than 20% of these newly formed spines persist for more than 2 days, suggesting that spine stabilization is a highly selective process [36].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Zuo Y 2005 Development of long-term dendritic spine stability in diverse regions of cerebral cortex Neuron 46 181 189 15848798 source

In the paper

“Since new spines are more vulnerable for elimination and only a small percentage of them are stabilized over time [37, 38], the degree of spine dynamics does not necessarily increase linearly with increased imaging intervals.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Xu T 2009 Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories Nature 462 915 919 19946267 PMC2844762 source
• Not checked yetcites [38] Yang G 2009 Stably maintained dendritic spines are associated with lifelong memories Nature 462 920 924 19946265 PMC4724802 source

In the paper

“Therefore, while shorter time intervals are biased towards the changes of transient structures, longer time intervals are likely to underestimate the structural plasticity.”

In the paper

“The effect of light exposure can be partially mimicked by increasing inhibitory signaling, suggesting that a balance between excitatory and inhibitory circuits plays an important role in spine maturation during development [32].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] Tropea D 2010 Structural dynamics of synapses in vivo correlate with functional changes during experience-dependent plasticity in visual cortex J Neurosci 30 11086 11095 20720116 PMC2932955 source

In the paper

“This in line with previous findings that found that excitatory-inhibitory balance is crucial for correct development of visual function during the critical period [45], thus suggesting that spine maturation and plasticity is an important underlying component of the functional changes that occur in the visual pathway.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [45] Fagiolini M Hensch TK 2000 Inhibitory threshold for critical-period activation in primary visual cortex Nature 404 183 186 10724170 source

In the paper

“In addition, monocular deprivation (MD) increases spine formation and leads to a higher spine density selectively in the apical dendrites of L5 neurons in the mouse binocular region [30].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Hofer SB 2009 Experience leaves a lasting structural trace in cortical circuits Nature 457 313 317 19005470 PMC6485433 source

In the paper

“Given the cell-type dependent dendrite morphology and dynamics [28–30], the inconsistency in baseline dynamics of dendritic spines could be due to variation in neuronal subtypes labeled in these two different mouse lines.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Holtmaat AJ 2005 Transient and persistent dendritic spines in the neocortex in vivo Neuron 45 279 291 15664179 source
• Not checked yetcites [29] Holtmaat A 2006 Experience-dependent and cell-type-specific spine growth in the neocortex Nature 441 979 983 16791195 source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Hofer SB 2009 Experience leaves a lasting structural trace in cortical circuits Nature 457 313 317 19005470 PMC6485433 source

In the paper

“A few days of light exposure during the critical period (i.e., postnatal days (P) 21–28 in mice) decreases spine motility and restores the mature spine morphology [32].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] Tropea D 2010 Structural dynamics of synapses in vivo correlate with functional changes during experience-dependent plasticity in visual cortex J Neurosci 30 11086 11095 20720116 PMC2932955 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, it has been shown that filopodia almost completely turnover on a daily basis [36], thus including or excluding filopodia in the analysis may greatly contribute to the discrepancy between results.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Zuo Y 2005 Development of long-term dendritic spine stability in diverse regions of cerebral cortex Neuron 46 181 189 15848798 source

In the paper

“Since the dynamics of dendritic spines [28, 36] decrease with age, it could therefore be hard to compare between different baselines.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Holtmaat AJ 2005 Transient and persistent dendritic spines in the neocortex in vivo Neuron 45 279 291 15664179 source
• Not checked yetcites [36] Zuo Y 2005 Development of long-term dendritic spine stability in diverse regions of cerebral cortex Neuron 46 181 189 15848798 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, elimination during subsequent training is largely restricted to spines that existed before training, while the new spines induced during learning are found to be preferentially stabilized, even long after training stops (i.e., up to 4 months) [37]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Xu T 2009 Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories Nature 462 915 919 19946267 PMC2844762 source

In the paper

“Given the fact that distal and proximal forelimb corticospinal neurons are intermingled within the rat motor cortex [47], this finding indicates that structural changes during learning are restricted to discrete subsets of neurons preferentially involved in novel motor experience.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] Wang L 2010 Structural plasticity within highly specific neuronal populations identifies a unique parcellation of motor learning in the adult brain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 10.1073/pnas.1014335108 PMC3038698 21257908 source

In the paper

“In adult mice (>4 months), sensory manipulation continues to modify spine dynamics, but less robustly than in younger animals, suggesting a more rigid neuronal circuit in adult animals [27].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Zuo Y 2005 Long-term sensory deprivation prevents dendritic spine loss in primary somatosensory cortex Nature 436 261 265 16015331 source

In the paper

“Interestingly, subsequent MD fails to increase spine formation, but selectively enlarges the spines formed during earlier MD, suggesting that new spines formed during the initial MD bear functional synapses and are reactivated during the second MD [30]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Hofer SB 2009 Experience leaves a lasting structural trace in cortical circuits Nature 457 313 317 19005470 PMC6485433 source

In the paper

“When binocular vision is restored, spine formation returns to the baseline. However, spine density remains elevated and many of the new spines formed during MD persist [30].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Hofer SB 2009 Experience leaves a lasting structural trace in cortical circuits Nature 457 313 317 19005470 PMC6485433 source

In the paper

“During early postnatal development in rats, trimming all whiskers unilaterally decreases both spine and filopodium motility in the contralateral barrel cortex during a brief time window (P11–13), but has no effect on their density, length or shape [17].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Lendvai B 2000 Experience-dependent plasticity of dendritic spines in the developing rat barrel cortex in vivo Nature 404 876 881 10786794 source

In the paper

“This rapid spinogenesis is followed by enhanced spine elimination, resulting in a similar overall spine density to that observed in control mice.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Xu T 2009 Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories Nature 462 915 919 19946267 PMC2844762 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, subsequent training of pre-trained mice with a novel motor skill continues to induce a robust spinogenesis in the adult motor cortex, indicating that different motor skills are likely encoded by different subpopulations of synapses in the motor cortex [37]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Xu T 2009 Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories Nature 462 915 919 19946267 PMC2844762 source

In the paper

“Using a lentivirus expressing EGFP that was intracranially injected into the HVC nucleus, this study demonstrated that spine dynamics of HVC neurons decreased with age, and song learning around P60 triggered rapid dendritic spine stabilization of HVC neurons [48].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] Roberts TF 2010 Rapid spine stabilization and synaptic enhancement at the onset of behavioural learning Nature 463 948 952 20164928 PMC2918377 source

In the paper

“In adults, motor learning increases spine turnover in naïve mice, but not in mice that have been trained with the same task in adolescence (pre-trained mice) [37], suggesting that the circuit required for such a task is established during adolescent training and maintained into adulthood.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Xu T 2009 Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories Nature 462 915 919 19946267 PMC2844762 source

In the paper

“In addition, stabilized new spines outlast experiences per se and may serve as structural traces for earlier memories, therefore preparing the brain for quicker adaptation to similar experiences in the future [30, 37].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Hofer SB 2009 Experience leaves a lasting structural trace in cortical circuits Nature 457 313 317 19005470 PMC6485433 source
• Not checked yetcites [37] Xu T 2009 Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories Nature 462 915 919 19946267 PMC2844762 source

In the paper

“Interestingly, a higher degree of spine turnover before song learning was found to correlate with a greater capacity for subsequent song imitation, suggesting that structural dynamics in sensorimotor circuits may greatly contribute to behavioral outcomes [48]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] Roberts TF 2010 Rapid spine stabilization and synaptic enhancement at the onset of behavioural learning Nature 463 948 952 20164928 PMC2918377 source

In the paper

“Live imaging of interneuron dendritic arbors in young adult mice (older than 6 weeks) demonstrated that, unlike stable dendritic branches observed in pyramidal neurons, dendritic branches of inhibitory interneurons in the superficial layers of the cortex are very dynamic [57]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [57] Lee WC 2006 Dynamic remodeling of dendritic arbors in GABAergic interneurons of adult visual cortex PLoS Biol 4 e29 16366735 PMC1318477 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, learning-induced spine formation occurs at the expense of spines that exist before learning [37], suggesting that homeostatic regulation could play an important role in maintaining stable spine density in the adult brain.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Xu T 2009 Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories Nature 462 915 919 19946267 PMC2844762 source

In the paper

“Cajal-Retzius axons grow slowly and follow tortuous paths, while thalamocortical axons grow quickly and straight [60].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [60] Portera-Cailliau C 2005 Diverse modes of axon elaboration in the developing neocortex PLoS Biol 3 e272 16026180 PMC1180514 source

In the paper

“At this age, both axon types favor an overall growth in the superficial cortical layers, with slightly more terminal extension than retraction [60].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [60] Portera-Cailliau C 2005 Diverse modes of axon elaboration in the developing neocortex PLoS Biol 3 e272 16026180 PMC1180514 source

In the paper

“This is on the same order of dendritic spine turnover observed in L5 pyramidal neurons during sensory manipulation and motor learning [30, 37, 38], suggesting comparable degrees of structural remodeling of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the adult cortex.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Hofer SB 2009 Experience leaves a lasting structural trace in cortical circuits Nature 457 313 317 19005470 PMC6485433 source
• Not checked yetcites [37] Xu T 2009 Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories Nature 462 915 919 19946267 PMC2844762 source
• Not checked yetcites [38] Yang G 2009 Stably maintained dendritic spines are associated with lifelong memories Nature 462 920 924 19946265 PMC4724802 source

In the paper

“The distribution of dynamic branches and the timeline of remodeling were also found to be laminar dependent [10].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [10] Chen JL Nedivi E 2010 Neuronal structural remodeling: is it all about access? Curr Opin Neurobiol 20 557 562 20621466 PMC2946477 source

In the paper

“In summary, cortical axons undergo rapid and large-scale rearrangements both during development and in response to injuries.”

In the paper

“In contrast, axons from mouse cortical L6 neurons contain a high density of small terminaux boutons, which are highly dynamic with ~60% turnover during the same period [59].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] De Paola V 2006 Cell type-specific structural plasticity of axonal branches and boutons in the adult neocortex Neuron 49 861 875 16543134 source

In the paper

“Thalamocortical axons contain large terminaux boutons and en passant boutons, which are mostly stable with 85% boutons persisting over a month [59].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] De Paola V 2006 Cell type-specific structural plasticity of axonal branches and boutons in the adult neocortex Neuron 49 861 875 16543134 source

In the paper

“In the case of dendritic spines, evidence from classic electron microscopy (EM) studies has demonstrated that spine volume correlates with the size of the postsynaptic density and the number of presynaptic vesicles (see reviews [23, 64]), suggesting that larger spines have stronger synapses.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [23] Bourne JN Harris KM 2008 Balancing structure and function at hippocampal dendritic spines Annu Rev Neurosci 31 47 67 18284372 PMC2561948 source
• Not checked yetcites [64] Arellano JI 2007 Ultrastructure of dendritic spines: correlation between synaptic and spine morphologies Front Neurosci 1 131 143 18982124 PMC2518053 source

In the paper

“In adults, despite the global stability of axonal and dendritic stability, a small subset of synaptic structures have been observed to turn over rapidly.”

In the paper

“Recent developments in high-throughput, automated sectioning and imaging overcome this impasse and potentially make ultrastructural analysis of imaged tissues routine [86, 87].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] Knott GW 2009 A protocol for preparing GFP-labeled neurons previously imaged in vivo and in slice preparations for light and electron microscopic analysis Nat Protoc 4 1145 1156 19617886 source
• Not checked yetcites [87] Knott G 2008 Serial section scanning electron microscopy of adult brain tissue using focused ion beam milling J Neurosci 28 2959 2964 18353998 PMC6670719 source

In the paper

“The recent development of genetically encoded calcium indicators [89–91] and innovations in imaging neuronal activity in awake, head-fixed mice [92–96] have opened new opportunities toward this direction.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [89] Tian L 2009 Imaging neural activity in worms, flies and mice with improved GCaMP calcium indicators Nat Methods 6 875 881 19898485 PMC2858873 source
• Not checked yetcites [90] Mank M 2008 A genetically encoded calcium indicator for chronic in vivo two-photon imaging Nat Methods 5 805 811 19160515 PMC7618336 source
• Not checked yetcites [91] Wallace DJ 2008 Single-spike detection in vitro and in vivo with a genetic Ca2+ sensor Nat Methods 5 797 804 19160514 source
• Not checked yetcites [92] Dombeck DA 2007 Imaging large-scale neural activity with cellular resolution in awake, mobile mice Neuron 56 43 57 17920014 PMC2268027 source
• Not checked yetcites [93] Andermann ML 2010 Chronic cellular imaging of mouse visual cortex during operant behavior and passive viewing Front Cell Neurosci 4 3 20407583 PMC2854571
• Not checked yetcites [94] Niell CM Stryker MP 2010 Modulation of visual responses by behavioral state in mouse visual cortex Neuron 65 472 479 20188652 PMC3184003 source
• Not checked yetcites [95] Komiyama T 2010 Learning-related fine-scale specificity imaged in motor cortex circuits of behaving mice Nature 464 1182 1186 20376005 source
• Not checked yetcites [96] Dombeck DA 2010 Functional imaging of hippocampal place cells at cellular resolution during virtual navigation Nat Neurosci 13 1433 1440 20890294 PMC2967725 source

In the paper

“While most cell-type-specific lines label the whole population of target cell types and are useful for molecular examination and manipulation, imaging them is challenging due to the high density of neurons within the cortex and/or dim expression of the EGFP reporter gene.”

In the paper

“The Gene Expression Nervous System Atlas (GENSAT) project has generated hundreds of mouse lines that express EGFP under different bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) [83, 84].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [83] Gong S 2003 A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes Nature 425 917 925 14586460 source
• Not checked yetcites [84] Heintz N 2004 Gene expression nervous system atlas (GENSAT) Nat Neurosci 7 483 15114362 source

In the paper

“A recent screen using these lines has identified several mouse lines selectively labeling inhibitory neurons in unique retinal circuits [85].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [85] Siegert S 2009 Genetic address book for retinal cell types Nat Neurosci 12 1197 1204 19648912 source

In the paper

“For instance, the functional imaging of individual hippocampal pyramidal neurons during spatial navigation in behaving mice has recently been described [96].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [96] Dombeck DA 2010 Functional imaging of hippocampal place cells at cellular resolution during virtual navigation Nat Neurosci 13 1433 1440 20890294 PMC2967725 source