Transient and persistent dendritic spines in the neocortex in vivo
Open accessAbstract
Dendritic spines were imaged over days to months in the apical tufts of neocortical pyramidal neurons (layers 5 and 2/3) in vivo. A fraction of thin spines appeared and disappeared over a few days, while most thick spines persisted for months. In the somatosensory cortex, from postnatal day (PND) 16 to PND 25 spine retractions exceeded additions, resulting in a net loss of spines. The fraction of persistent spines (lifetime > or = 8 days) grew gradually during development and into adulthood (PND 16-25, 35%; PND 35-80, 54%; PND 80-120, 66%; PND 175-225, 73%), providing evidence that synaptic circuits continue to stabilize even in the adult brain, long after the closure of known critical periods. In 6-month-old mice, spines turn over more slowly in visual compared to somatosensory cortex, possibly reflecting differences in the capacity for experience-dependent plasticity in these brain regions.
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Holtmaat et al. (2005) showed that the density of spines on layer V pyramidal neurons in somatosensory cortex reached a stable value of 0.32/μm after postnatal day 26.
“Holtmaat et al. (2005) showed that the density of spines on layer V pyramidal neurons in somatosensory cortex reached a stable value of 0.32/m after postnatal day 26”
From Dendritic Spine Abnormalities in Amyloid Precursor Protein Transgenic Mice Demonstrated by Gene Transfer and Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy (2005) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
The passage discussing Figure 1E reports a decline in spine density to 0.30 ± 0.08/μm at postnatal day 26 and a separate fixed-tissue measurement of 0.32 ± 0.02/μm at days 25–33. The passage discussing Figures 2C–2D describes density as constant in mature animals, but gives 0.29 ± 0.08/μm. Thus the paper supports a decline followed by relatively stable density, not a stable value of exactly 0.32/μm after day 26. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDendritic spines of transplanted human neurons follow a prolonged timeline that resembles the maturation time of human cortical neurons and that is largely intrinsic to these neurons, as they still display juvenile-like dynamic patterns at 3-6 MPT (e.g., in a mature mouse brain environment).
“These data support the notion that dendritic spines of transplanted human neurons follow a prolonged timeline that resembles the maturation time of human cortical neurons (Petanjek et al., 2011) and that is largely intrinsic to these neurons, as they still display juvenile-like dynamic patterns at 3–6 MPT (e.g., in a mature mouse brain environment)”
From Xenotransplanted human cortical neurons reveal species-specific development and functional integration into mouse visual circuits (2019) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThin spines are more transient and motile than mushroom spines, and an increase in the proportion of thin spines represents a greater capacity to stabilize after LTP.
“Previous studies have shown that thin spines are more transient and motile than mushroom spines, and an increase in the proportion of thin spines represents a greater capacity to stabilize after LTP [52], [53].”
From Arf4 Determines Dentate Gyrus-Mediated Pattern Separation by Regulating Dendritic Spine Development (2012) · cites this paper as [52]
The spine-morphology passages (Figure 7B and 7D; page not supplied) associate thin spines with turnover and changing length, while persistent spines tend to be thicker, including mushroom-shaped spines. The paper only suggests that thin spines might stabilize and enlarge under some conditions; it does not show that a higher proportion of thin spines means greater capacity to stabilize after LTP. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTransient spines are usually thin and live shorter than a few days.
“Transient spines are usually thin and live shorter than a few days (Holtmaat et al., 2005).”
From Dendritic Spine Instability Leads to Progressive Neocortical Spine Loss in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease (2013) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
In naive mice, persistent spines are typically large, mushroom-like, and stable for weeks or months.
“In naive mice, persistent spines are typically large, mushroom-like, and stable for weeks or months.”
From Dendritic Spine Instability Leads to Progressive Neocortical Spine Loss in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease (2013) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
During development, the fraction of persistent spines increases, while the fraction of transient spines decreases.
“During development, the fraction of persistent spines increases, while the fraction of transient spines decreases (Holtmaat et al., 2005).”
From Dendritic Spine Instability Leads to Progressive Neocortical Spine Loss in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease (2013) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
In adult animals under basal conditions, dendritic spines are relatively stable and exhibit turnover times on the order of days to weeks.
“In adult animals, under basal conditions, dendritic spines are relatively stable and exhibit turnover times on the order of days to weeks (Grutzendler et al., 2002;Trachtenberg et al., 2002;Holtmaat et al., 2005).”
From Rapid Reversible Changes in Dendritic Spine Structure<i>In Vivo</i>Gated by the Degree of Ischemia (2005) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
In vivo studies have revealed the existence of at least two types of dendritic spines in the neocortex, persistent and transient spines.
“In vivo studies have revealed the existence of at least two types of dendritic spines in the neocortex, persistent and transient spines (Holtmaat et al., 2005).”
From Dendritic Spine Instability Leads to Progressive Neocortical Spine Loss in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease (2013) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
The spine turnover ratio was still quite high at 3-6 MPT, reflecting juvenile properties of the neurons.
“The spine turnover ratio, a measure of cortical dynamics and plasticity (Holtmaat et al., 2005), was still quite high at 3–6 MPT, reflecting juvenile properties of the neurons”
From Xenotransplanted human cortical neurons reveal species-specific development and functional integration into mouse visual circuits (2019) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
There are intrinsic differences in spine turnover between the hippocampus and cortical regions, with spines in the hippocampus exhibiting more rapid and frequent remodeling and turnover in comparison to cortical spines.
“There are intrinsic differences in spine turnover between the hippocampus and cortical regions, with spines in the hippocampus exhibiting more rapid and frequent remodeling and turnover in comparison to cortical spines (Grutzendler et al., 2002, Trachtenberg et al., 2002, Holtmaat et al., 2005, Pfeiffer et al., 2018).”
From Dendritic Spine Remodeling and Synaptic Tau Levels in PS19 Tauopathy Mice (2021) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
The spine-plasticity passages (section labeled Introduction; page unavailable) compare turnover in two cortical regions, S1 and visual cortex. Our copy does not compare hippocampal with cortical spine turnover or establish that hippocampal spines remodel more rapidly and frequently; searches for those comparisons found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese features are characteristic of stable synapses that are less likely to be eliminated in vivo.
“These features are characteristic of stable synapses that are less likely to be eliminated in vivo (Holtmaat et al., 2005).”
From Pathogenic SYNGAP1 Mutations Impair Cognitive Development by Disrupting Maturation of Dendritic Spine Synapses (2012) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
Dendritic protrusion density changes during development and differs among neuron types.
“Not only are these protrusions heterogeneous in shape [23–25], their density also changes during development and varies among different types of neurons [26–28].”
From Experience-dependent structural plasticity in the cortex (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
Because dendritic spine dynamics decrease with age, comparing baselines across different ages is difficult.
“Since the dynamics of dendritic spines [28, 36] decrease with age, it could therefore be hard to compare between different baselines.”
From Experience-dependent structural plasticity in the cortex (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
Inconsistency in baseline dendritic spine dynamics may be due to variation in neuronal subtypes labeled in different thy1 mouse lines.
“Given the cell-type dependent dendrite morphology and dynamics [28–30], the inconsistency in baseline dynamics of dendritic spines could be due to variation in neuronal subtypes labeled in these two different mouse lines.”
From Experience-dependent structural plasticity in the cortex (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
Juvenile development is characterized by exuberant daily turnover of synaptic structures that declines during puberty and into adolescence.
“This means juvenile development is characterized by exuberant daily turnover of synaptic structures (Holtmaat et al., 2005; Johnson et al., 2016a; Zuo et al., 2005) that declines during puberty and into adolescence.”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
Stronger synapses are more stable.
“As spine head size correlates with synaptic strength, this phenomenon suggests that stronger synapses are more stable (Holtmaat et al., 2005).”
From Spatiotemporal dynamics of dendritic spines in the living brain (2014) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
Not all spines are equally susceptible to elimination: those with large heads are more stable than thin ones.
“Importantly, not all spines are equally susceptible to elimination: those with large heads are more stable than thin ones.”
From Spatiotemporal dynamics of dendritic spines in the living brain (2014) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
After initial net spine gain, spine elimination starts to outpace formation, leading to overall reduction of spine density.
“After this initial phase of net spine gain, spine elimination starts to outpace formation, leading to an overall reduction of spine density (Holtmaat et al., 2005; Zuo et al., 2005b; Yang et al., 2009).”
From Spatiotemporal dynamics of dendritic spines in the living brain (2014) · cites this paper as Holtmaat et al., 2005
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Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain
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- Authors
- Holtmaat, A. J. G. D., Trachtenberg, J. T., Wilbrecht, L., Shepherd, G. M., Zhang, X., Knott, G. W., & Svoboda, K.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Svoboda, Karel
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 279-291
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2145255740
- Cited by
- 1,131
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 20.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- dendritic spines, spine dynamics, neocortex, pyramidal neurons, somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, cortical development, synaptic stability, critical period, experience-dependent plasticity
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cell Differentiation, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Neural Pathways, Neuronal Plasticity, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Visual Cortex, Pyramidal Cells, Neocortex, Dendritic Spines, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Mice
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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