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The Emerging Science of Interoception: Sensing, Integrating, Interpreting, and Regulating Signals within the Self
Open accessAbstract
Interoception refers to the representation of the internal states of an organism, and includes the processes by which it senses, interprets, integrates, and regulates signals from within itself. This review presents a unified research framework and attempts to offer definitions for key terms to describe the processes involved in interoception. We elaborate on these definitions through illustrative research findings, and provide brief overviews of central aspects of interoception, including the anatomy and function of neural and non-neural pathways, diseases and disorders, manipulations and interventions, and predictive modeling. We conclude with discussions about major research gaps and challenges.
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“From a PNE perspective, interoceptive skills-building helps the person notice relationships between inputs (physiology, and BPS factors that influence threat or safety), and the output/experience of pain.58,59”
From Remotely Delivered Psychologically Informed Mindful Movement Physical Therapy for Pain Care: A Framework for Operationalization (2023) · cites this paper as [58]
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“These insights empower the person to recognize their own unique triggers with less judgement, to build trust in themselves, and to find ways to change the relationships and reactions to these bodily activations.”
From Remotely Delivered Psychologically Informed Mindful Movement Physical Therapy for Pain Care: A Framework for Operationalization (2023) · cites this paper as [58]
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“The interoceptive sensation is mediated by two primary ascending neural pathways: the spinal nerve pathway and the vagal nerve pathway [55].”
From The Insular Cortex: An Interface Between Sensation, Emotion and Cognition (2024) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Interoception impairment (i.e., difficulties in the sensing, perceiving, and anticipating of signals arising from within the body) is a core feature that can occur in multiple clinical conditions.1, 2, 3”
From Altered spatiotemporal brain dynamics of interoception in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
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Savickaite, S., Li, R., & Nagai, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2026.1934104
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, W. G., Schloesser, D., Arensdorf, A. M., Simmons, J. M., Cui, C., Valentino, R., Gnadt, J. W., Nielsen, L., Hillaire-Clarke, C. S., Spruance, V., Horowitz, T. S., Vallejo, Y. F., & Langevin, H. M.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Wen G.
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-16
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7780231
- OpenAlex
- W3115649676
- Cited by
- 707
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 145 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 48
- FWCI
- 11.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- interoception, interoceptive signals, signal integration, neural pathways, predictive modeling, research framework
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Interoception
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