High frequency ultrasound to assess skin thickness in healthy adults
Abstract
Background Intradermal immunization is gaining increased attention due to multiple factors: (1) intradermal (ID) vaccination has been shown to induce improved immunogenicity compared to intramuscular (IM) vaccination; (2) ID vaccination has been shown to have a dose-sparing potential over IM leading to a reduced vaccine cost and an increased availability of vaccines worldwide. However, the currently used Mantoux technique for ID injection is difficult to standardize and requires training. The aim of the study was (1) to assess the epidermal and dermal thickness at the proximal ventral and dorsal forearm (PVF & PDF) and deltoid in adults aged 18-65years (2) to determine the maximum penetration depth and needle characteristics for the development of a platform of medical devices suited for intradermal injection, VAX-ID™. Materials and methods Mean thickness of the PVF, PDF and deltoid were measured using high-frequency ultrasound of healthy adults aged 18-65years. Correlation with gender, age and BMI was assessed using Mann-Whitney U Test, Spearman correlation and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, respectively. Results Results showed an overall mean skin thickness of 1.19mm (0.65-1.55mm) at the PVF, 1.44mm (0.78-1.84mm) at the PDF, and 2.12mm (1,16-3.19mm) at the deltoid. Thickness of PVF & PDF and deltoid were significantly different for men vs women (p mean min Conclusion Significant differences in skin thickness were seen for the PVF, PDF and deltoid region for gender, and BMI. Ag…
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Once adolescence is reached, skin is known to thin as age increases.
“Once adolescence is reached, skin is known to thin as age increases [70,80,81,82].”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
Skin thickness decreases as age increases.
“| Skin thickness | Decrease | Derraik et al., 2014 Van Mulder et al., 2017 Farage et al., 2013 | [70,80,93] |”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Van Mulder, T. J. S., de Koeijer, M., Theeten, H., Willems, D., Van Damme, P., Demolder, M., De Meyer, G., Beyers, K. C. L., & Vankerckhoven, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Venue
- Vaccine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1810-1815
- ISSN
- 0264-410X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2506030309
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 5.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Vaccine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Intramuscular injections and effects
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography
- Keywords
- skin thickness, intradermal injection, intradermal vaccination, high-frequency ultrasound, epidermal thickness, needle penetration depth, needle length, forearm, deltoid muscle, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Body Weights and Measures, Epidermis, Female, Humans, Injections, Intradermal, Male, Middle Aged, Skin, Ultrasonography, Vaccination, Dermis, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers
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