Vaccination into the Dermal Compartment: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects

Hettinga, Johanna; Carlisle, Robert

doi:10.3390/vaccines8030534

Cited by 72Advancements in Transdermal Drug DeliveryIntramuscular injections and effectsPoxvirus research and outbreaks

Vaccination into the Dermal Compartment: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects

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Hettinga, Johanna, Carlisle, Robert·2020·Vaccines

DOI 10.3390/vaccines8030534PMC PMC7564253

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Abstract

In 2019, an ‘influenza pandemic’ and ‘vaccine hesitancy’ were listed as two of the top 10 challenges to global health by the WHO. The skin is a unique vaccination site, due to its immune-rich milieu, which is evolutionarily primed to respond to challenge, and its ability to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccination into this dermal compartment offers a way of addressing both of the challenges presented by the WHO, as well as opening up avenues for novel vaccine formulation and dose-sparing strategies to enter the clinic. This review will provide an overview of the diverse range of vaccination techniques available to target the dermal compartment, as well as their current state, challenges, and prospects, and touch upon the formulations that have been developed to maximally benefit from these new techniques. These include needle and syringe techniques, microneedles, DNA tattooing, jet and ballistic delivery, and skin permeabilization techniques, including thermal ablation, chemical enhancers, ablation, electroporation, iontophoresis, and sonophoresis.

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The dermis has a rich network of dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells.
“The dermis has a rich network of dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells40.”
From An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial (2024) · cites this paper as [40]

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Authors: Hettinga, J., & Carlisle, R.
Affiliations: University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Carlisle, Robert
ORCID: Hettinga, Johanna
Carlisle, Robert
Venue: Vaccines
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-09-16
Volume: 8
Issue: 3
Pages: 534
ISSN: 2076-393X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030534
PMC: PMC7564253
OpenAlex: W3085198834
Cited by: 72
References: 272
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 1
FWCI: 0.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L016494/1)
EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Medical Imaging (EP/L024012/1)
Topics: Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Intramuscular injections and effects
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Poxvirus research and outbreaks
Keywords: microneedles, electroporation, iontophoresis, sonophoresis, thermal ablation, vaccine formulation, humoral and cellular immunity, pandemic influenza, vaccine hesitancy

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Vaccination into the Dermal Compartment: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects

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