NIH funding for vaccine readiness before the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Rapid development of vaccines for COVID-19 has relied on the application of existing vaccine technologies. This work examines the maturity of ten technologies employed in candidate vaccines (as of July 2020) and NIH funding for published research on these technologies from 2000-2019. These technologies vary from established platforms, which have been used successfully in approved products, to emerging technologies with no prior clinical validation. A robust body of published research on vaccine technologies was supported by 16,358 fiscal years of NIH funding totaling $17.2 billion from 2000-2019. During this period, NIH funding for published vaccine research against specific pandemic threats such as coronavirus, Zika, Ebola, and dengue was not sustained. NIH funding contributed substantially to the advance of technologies available for rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines, suggesting the importance of sustained public sector funding for foundational technologies in the rapid response to emerging public health threats.
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- Authors
- Kiszewski, A. E., Cleary, E. G., Jackson, M. J., & Ledley, F. D.
- Affiliations
- Bentley University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ledley, Fred D.
- Venue
- Vaccine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 2458-2466
- ISSN
- 0264-410X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7938738
- OpenAlex
- W3134274379
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Vaccine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Bentley University
- National Institutes of Health (COVID-19)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Medical Research Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Legal, Health, Environmental and COVID-19 Challenges
- Keywords
- NIH funding, vaccine technology, COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine readiness, research funding, vaccine development, pandemic preparedness, emerging infectious diseases, Zika virus, Ebola virus, dengue virus, public sector financing, vaccine platforms
- MeSH terms
- Zika Virus Infection, Zika Virus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Humans, Vaccines, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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