Canine angiostrongylosis: The French heartworm: An emerging threat in North America
Abstract
Angiostrongylus vasorum, French heartworm, is a metastrongloid parasite found in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle of wild and domestic canids and various other animals. The natural definitive hosts are species of foxes. The geographic distribution of the parasite includes various countries of Europe, Africa, South America, and North America. Angiostrongylosis is considered an emerging disease in dogs in Europe. In North America, autochthonous A. vasorum infection occurs only in the Canadian province of Newfoundland-Labrador. Computer modeling suggests there is a high probability that A. vasorum will spread to other parts of North America and will likely become endemic in the eastern half of the continent and in the states and provinces along the western coast. Animals acquire infection by the ingestion of gastropod or frog intermediate hosts that carry the infective 3rd-stage larvae. Frogs can also serve as paratenic hosts. Definitive antemortem diagnosis is by detection of L(1) in feces, sputum, or bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Baermann fecal examination is the most reliable method for fecal detection. However, false negative results can occur due to the typical erratic/sporadic fecal larval shedding pattern of A. vasorum. Recently, promising new methods for A. vasorum infection diagnosis have been reported involving polymerase chain reaction of blood and fecal samples and a sandwich ELISA for detection of circulating worm excretory/secretory antigen. Current treatment options include moxidectin, milbemycin oxime, and fenbendazole.
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There is a risk of importation and establishment of A. vasorum in the Americas.
“Such an approach could be endorsed by veterinarians and pet owners elsewhere because, regardless of the ubiquitous distribution of intestinal worms [5,6], cardio-pulmonary nematodes are spreading and/or emerging in several countries of Europe [3,152], and there is a risk of importation and establishment (A. vasorum) in the Americas [153].”
From Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes (2013) · cites this paper as [153]
A. vasorum represents a potential threat for North America, e.g. through imported infected hosts.
“Additionally, this nematode also represents a potential threat for North America, e.g. through imported infected hosts [153].”
From Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes (2013) · cites this paper as [153]
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Schnyder, M., & Deplazes, P. (2012) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-258 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes
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- Authors
- Conboy, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Prince Edward Island (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Conboy, G.A.
- Venue
- Veterinary Parasitology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 382-389
- ISSN
- 0304-4017 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2028442676
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 9.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Parasitology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Mollusks and Parasites Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
- Keywords
- Angiostrongylus vasorum, canine angiostrongylosis, North America, geographic distribution, intermediate hosts, paratenic hosts, PCR diagnosis, moxidectin, milbemycin oxime, fenbendazole
- MeSH terms
- Angiostrongylus, Animals, Anthelmintics, Antigens, Helminth, Anura, Computer Simulation, Disease Reservoirs, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Europe, Feces, Female, Foxes, Life Cycle Stages, Male, North America, Prevalence, Strongylida Infections, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Gastropoda, Host Specificity
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