Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in dog and cat: A questionnaire study in Italy
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens are vector-borne parasites of dogs and cats, with zoonotic potential, endemic in many parts of Europe, including Italy. Control and prevention of dirofilariosis are essential points to reduce their diffusion in animals and humans and veterinarians are the main subjects involved in this "battle". With the aim to better understand current practice by veterinarians, an online questionnaire on different aspects of D. immitis and D. repens was sent to companion animal veterinary facilities registered with the Italian Veterinary chamber. The overall response rate was 25%. Approximately 47% had diagnosed at least one case of Dirofilaria spp. in dogs in the last year and approximately 6% had diagnosed at least one case of Dirofilaria spp. in cats. Of the 662 facilities surveyed, 83.8% used serology to diagnose heartworm infection. For the diagnosis of D. repens infection in dogs and cats, a high percentage of facilities relied on an external laboratory. Most recommended beginning prevention of canine heartworm disease in April-May. Topical and injectable moxidectin and oral ivermectin were the two most commonly used preventives for D. immitis in dogs. The drug most commonly used for heartworm adulticide treatment in dogs was melarsomine. This study show that veterinary facilities ians working in an endemic area for D. immitis and D. repens are aware of recent developments in adulticide therapy. Results would suggest however that diagnosis is not always carried out according to what is currently recommended by international guidelines and that the timing for starting prevention may not be optimal.
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Heartworm-infected cats are not usually subjected to necropsy, so the cause of death is rarely clarified.
“Furthermore, these cats are not usually subjected to necropsy, so the cause of death is rarely clarified contributing to the lack of knowledge of the presence and importance of feline heartworm disease (1, 6).”
From Seroprevalence of Feline Heartworm in Spain: Completing the Epidemiological Puzzle of a Neglected Disease in the Cat (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Feline heartworm is frequently asymptomatic, and sometimes sudden death may be the only symptom a cat exhibits.
“In addition, feline heartworm is frequently asymptomatic, and sometimes sudden death may be the only symptom a cat exhibits.”
From Seroprevalence of Feline Heartworm in Spain: Completing the Epidemiological Puzzle of a Neglected Disease in the Cat (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Earlier studies illustrated the islands to have a large number of diagnosed HW as they are suitable for Dirofilaria spp. to thrive.
“Indeed, earlier studies illustrated the islands to have a large number of diagnosed HW [31] as they are suitable for Dirofilaria spp. to thrive [13].”
From Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis infections in Italy, 2009–2019: Changing distribution patterns (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
Awareness of the importance of feline HWD prevention is low.
“Unfortunately, awareness of the importance of feline HWD prevention seems to be low; and/or prophylaxis is often neglected, especially in cat shelters, for economic reasons.22,61,62”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [62]
Prophylaxis for feline HWD is often neglected, especially in cat shelters, for economic reasons.
“Unfortunately, awareness of the importance of feline HWD prevention seems to be low; and/or prophylaxis is often neglected, especially in cat shelters, for economic reasons.22,61,62”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [62]
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Self-citationAdditional file 1 of First molecular characterization of Dirofilaria Immitis in Cuba
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“Although the domestic dogs is its main host (Genchi et al. 2019), this nematode can parasitize a wide range of wild carnivores (Matsuda et al. 2003; Markakis et al. 2024; Varcasia et al. 2015 ; Penezić et al. 2018 ; Ionică et al. 2022; Veronesi et al. 2023).”
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Vismarra, A., Fozzer, M., Genchi, M., Tenga, A., Semeraro, M., Calzolari, M., Grisendi, A., Bazzocchi, C., Kramer, L., Stocchero, C., et al. (2026) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2026.110963
Self-citation
- Authors
- Genchi, M., Rinaldi, L., Venco, L., Cringoli, G., Vismarra, A., & Kramer, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Parma (IT)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Genchi, Marco
- Venue
- Veterinary Parasitology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 267
- Pages
- 26-31
- ISSN
- 0304-4017 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2912891654
- Semantic Scholar
- 0f47b8526da01423d892da2fca5929eeb99a925e
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 4.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Parasitology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Keywords
- Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, canine heartworm disease, feline heartworm disease, dirofilariasis, heartworm prevention, serology, moxidectin, ivermectin, melarsomine, veterinary practice, Italy
- MeSH terms
- Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Antinematodal Agents, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Hospitals, Animal, Italy, Ivermectin, Surveys and Questionnaires, Veterinarians, Macrolides, Dirofilaria repens
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