Autochthonous foci of canine and feline infections by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in central Italy
Abstract
This survey was conducted to investigate the presence of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in native dogs and cats living in an area of Italy where animal and human dirofilarioses have been sporadically reported in the past few years. From May 2008 to March 2009 individual blood samples were collected from 300 native cats and 300 native dogs in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. All 600 samples were subjected to a Knott modified method, to a test for the detection of circulating D. immitis antigen and to two species-specific PCR-coupled sequencing protocols. Epidemiological data were collected and then correlated with the filarial prevalence by univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Twenty-five dogs (8.3%) and six cats (2%) were positive for filariae in at least one diagnostic test, with an overall prevalence rate for D. immitis and D. repens of 2.3% and 5.6% in dogs and 0.3% and 1.6% in cats, respectively. Male and large sized dogs resulted more likely to be infected by Dirofilaria spp., possibly due to the fact that animals living outdoor and of large size are more exposed to mosquito bites. However these factors were not confirmed as convincing risk factors by multivariate analysis. The results are discussed, together with the origin of these new autochthonous foci in central Italy and the present expansion southward of canine and feline filariae in Italy.
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In Italy, D. immitis is endemic in northern Italy and has now spread all over the country, showing a current change of distribution throughout the Italian territory, while canine and feline heartworm infection is more frequently diagnosed in southern regions of Italy.
“In Italy, D. immitis is endemic in northern Italy and has now spread all over the country, which shows a current change of distribution of this parasite throughout the Italian territory while canine and feline heartworm infection is more frequently diagnosed in southern regions of Italy (Otranto et al., 2009; Traversa et al., 2010a).”
From Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends (2012) · cites this paper as Traversa et al., 2010a
In Italy, in a recent study carried out in 2008 and 2009, in the Abruzzo region of central Italy prevalences of 2.3 and 0.3% were found in native dogs and cats, respectively.
“In a recent study carried out in 2008 and 2009, in the Abruzzo region of central Italy prevalences of 2.3 and 0.3% were found in native dogs and cats, respectively (Traversa et al., 2010a).”
From Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends (2012) · cites this paper as Traversa et al., 2010a
Moxidectin showed a high degree of efficacy in treating Dirofilaria repens infection, including potential ability to kill adults, after a single administration.
“The latter molecule also showed a high degree of efficacy in treating D. repens infection, including potential ability to kill adults, after a single administration [112-114].”
From Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe (2013) · cites this paper as [112]
Commercial kits for detection of antigens released in the blood by adult female D. immitis are an alternative method for diagnosing D. immitis infestation in dogs.
“An alternative method for diagnosing D. immitis infestation in dogs is the use of commercial kits for the detection of antigens released in the blood by adult females.”
From Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe (2013) · cites this paper as [112]
A study in central Italy found a prevalence of D repens infection of 1.6% in cats compared with 5.6% in dogs.
“a study performed in central Italy using both modified Knott and PCR tests found a prevalence of 1.6% in cats compared with 5.6% in dogs.”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
D. immitis has new autochthonous foci in southern and central Italy.
“A key example for Europe is Italy, where D. immitis is not only stable in hyper-endemic areas (i.e. Northern regions) where T. vulpis has been recently reported in both dogs and in the environment [54,56-58], but also in new autochthonous foci in the south and the center of the Country [12,77,83].”
From Are we paying too much attention to cardio-pulmonary nematodes and neglecting old-fashioned worms like Trichuris vulpis? (2011) · cites this paper as [83]
In Italy, D. immitis is stable in hyper-endemic Northern regions.
“A key example for Europe is Italy, where D. immitis is not only stable in hyper-endemic areas (i.e. Northern regions) where T. vulpis has been recently reported in both dogs and in the environment [54,56-58], but also in new autochthonous foci in the south and the center of the Country [12,77,83].”
From Are we paying too much attention to cardio-pulmonary nematodes and neglecting old-fashioned worms like Trichuris vulpis? (2011) · cites this paper as [83]
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Ciucă, L., Caruso, V., Illiano, S., Bosco, A., Maurelli, M. P., & Rinaldi, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1112036 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Dirofilariosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis in the south of Kerman province, Iran
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Filariasis in dogs brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Genetic variability of Dirofilaria repens isolates from humans and dogs in Italy
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Self-citationHeartworm Disease – Intervention and Industry Perspective 1
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Dirofilaria Infections in Humans and Other Zoonotic Filarioses
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Feline heartworm disease in endemic settings: an integrated diagnostic approach
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Saberi, M., Hajipour, P., Rezaei, M., & Motamedizadeh, S. (2026) · Comparative Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1007/s00580-026-03848-1
- Authors
- Traversa, D., Aste, G., Milillo, P., Capelli, G., Pampurini, F., Tunesi, C., Santori, D., Paoletti, B., & Boari, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Teramo (IT)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IT)
- Bayer (Italy) (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Traversa, Donato
- Boari, Andrea
- Venue
- Veterinary Parasitology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 128-132
- ISSN
- 0304-4017 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2082792248
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Parasitology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UniTERAMO Research Catalog (University of Teramo) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Keywords
- Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, canine heartworm disease, feline heartworm disease, dogs, cats, risk factors, Abruzzo, central Italy, circulating antigen detection, PCR sequencing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antigens, Helminth, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dirofilaria, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Female, Italy, Male, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Body Size
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