The DOI matches its Crossref record; 149 of the 150 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lithium recovery using electrochemical technologies: Advances and challenges
Abstract
Driven by the electric-vehicle revolution, a sharp increase in lithium (Li) demand as a result of the need to produce Li-ion batteries is expected in coming years. To enable a sustainable Li supply, there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods to extract Li from a variety of sources including Li-rich salt-lake brines, seawater, and wastewaters. While the prevalent lime soda evaporation method is suitable for the mass extraction of Li from brine sources with low Mg/Li ratios, it is time-consuming (>1 year) and typically exhibits low Li recovery. Electrochemically-based methods have emerged as promising processes to recover Li given their ease of management, limited requirement for additional chemicals, minimal waste production, and high selectivity towards Li. This state-of-the-art review provides a comprehensive overview of current advances in two key electrochemical Li recovery technologies (electrosorption and electrodialysis) with particular attention given to advances in understanding of mechanism, materials, operational modes, and system configurations. We highlight the most pressing challenges these technologies encounter including (i) limited electrode capacity, poor electrode stability and co-insertion of impurity cations in the electrosorption process, and (ii) limited Li selectivity of available ion exchange membranes, ion leakage and membrane scaling in the electrodialysis process. We then systematically describe potentially effective strategies to overcome these challenges and, further, provide future perspectives, particularly with respect to the translation of innovation at bench-scale to industrial application.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Li separation from multicomponent mixtures with a high Mg/Li ratio has been demonstrated to be technically and potentially economically feasible with the use of specific IEMs”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“Electrochemical methods offer not only high selectivity and environmental friendliness but also distinct advantages in ease of management, low waste production, and high lithium recovery”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“Electrochemical methods offer not only high selectivity and environmental friendliness but also distinct advantages in ease of management, low waste production, and high lithium recovery”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“Electrochemical methods offer not only high selectivity and environmental friendliness but also distinct advantages in ease of management, low waste production, and high lithium recovery”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“Electrochemical methods offer not only high selectivity and environmental friendliness but also distinct advantages in ease of management, low waste production, and high lithium recovery”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“Electrochemical methods offer not only high selectivity and environmental friendliness but also distinct advantages in ease of management, low waste production, and high lithium recovery”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
Citations
Cites
Phospho‐olivines as Positive‐Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Padhi, A. K., Nanjundaswamy, K. S., & Goodenough, J. B. (1997) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.1837571 · Cited by 7,935
The development and future of lithium ion batteries
Blomgren, G. E. (2017) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0251701jes · Cited by 1,940
Recovery and recycling of lithium: a review
Swain, B. (2017) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2016.08.031 · Cited by 1,713
Development and challenges of LiFePO 4 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
Yuan, L.-X., Wang, Z., Zhang, W.-X., Hu, X., Chen, J., Huang, Y.-H., & Goodenough, J. B. (2010) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c0ee00029a · Cited by 1,318
Electrode Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Pender, J. P., Jha, G., Youn, D. H., Ziegler, J. M., Andoni, I., Choi, E. J., Heller, A., Dunn, B. S., Weiss, P. S., Penner, R. M., et al. (2020) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b04365 · Cited by 873
Membrane-based technologies for lithium recovery from water lithium resources: A review
Li, X., Mo, Y., Qing, W., Shao, S., Tang, C. Y., & Li, J. (2019) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117317 · Cited by 756
Srimuk, P., Su, X., Yoon, J., Aurbach, D., & Presser, V. (2020) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-020-0193-1 · Cited by 682
Bipolar membranes: A review on principles, latest developments, and applications
Pärnamäe, R., Mareev, S., Nikonenko, V., Melnikov, S., Sheldeshov, N., Zabolotskii, V., Hamelers, H. V. M., & Tedesco, M. (2021) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118538 · Cited by 610
Lithium metal extraction from seawater
Yang, S., Zhang, F., Ding, H., He, P., & Zhou, H. (2018) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.07.006 · Cited by 541
Tabelin, C. B., Dallas, J., Casanova, S., Pelech, T., Bournival, G., Saydam, S., & Canbulat, I. (2021) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106743 · Cited by 533
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The recovery and separation of lithium by using solvent extraction methods
Kanagasundaram, T., Murphy, O., Haji, M. N., & Wilson, J. J. (2024) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2024.215727 · Cited by 277
Direct lithium extraction: A new paradigm for lithium production and resource utilization
Farahbakhsh, J., Arshadi, F., Mofidi, Z., Mohseni-Dargah, M., Kök, C., Assefi, M., Soozanipour, A., Zargar, M., Asadnia, M., Boroumand, Y., et al. (2024) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2023.117249 · Cited by 260
Prospects of metal recovery from wastewater and brine
DuChanois, R. M., Cooper, N. J., Lee, B., Patel, S. K., Mazurowski, L., Graedel, T. E., & Elimelech, M. (2023) · Nature Water · doi:10.1038/s44221-022-00006-z · Cited by 253
Zhang, L., Zhang, T., Lv, S., Song, S., Ojeda‐Galván, H. J., Quintana, M., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2024.117480 · Cited by 238
Zhang, L., Zhang, T., Zhao, Y., Dong, G., Lv, S., Ma, S., Song, S., & Quintana, M. (2023) · Nano Research · doi:10.1007/s12274-023-5950-1 · Cited by 165
Metadata
- Authors
- Wu, L., Zhang, C., Kim, S., Hatton, T. A., Mo, H., & Waite, T. D.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- OriginWater (China) (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Changyong
- Waite, T. David
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 221
- Pages
- 118822
- ISSN
- 0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4283803784
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2023-02-15)
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Water Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Filtration and Separation › Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Electrochemistry › Molten salt chemistry and electrochemical processes
- Keywords
- lithium recovery, electrochemical lithium extraction, electrosorption, electrodialysis, lithium-rich brines, ion exchange membranes, electrode stability, membrane scaling, electrolyte leakage, lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicles
- MeSH terms
- Cations, Electricity, Electrodes, Ion Exchange, Lithium
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
