A genome-wide analysis of biomineralization-related proteins in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Open accessAbstract
Biomineralization, the biologically controlled formation of mineral deposits, is of widespread importance in biology, medicine, and engineering. Mineralized structures are found in most metazoan phyla and often have supportive, protective, or feeding functions. Among deuterostomes, only echinoderms and vertebrates produce extensive biomineralized structures. Although skeletons appeared independently in these two groups, ancestors of the vertebrates and echinoderms may have utilized similar components of a shared genetic "toolkit" to carry out biomineralization. The present study had two goals. First, we sought to expand our understanding of the proteins involved in biomineralization in the sea urchin, a powerful model system for analyzing the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this process. Second, we sought to shed light on the possible evolutionary relationships between biomineralization in echinoderms and vertebrates. We used several computational methods to survey the genome of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus for gene products involved in biomineralization. Our analysis has greatly expanded the collection of biomineralization-related proteins. We have found that these proteins are often members of small families encoded by genes that are clustered in the genome. Most of the proteins are sea urchin-specific; that is, they have no apparent homologues in other invertebrate deuterostomes or vertebrates. Similarly, many of the vertebrate proteins that mediate mineral deposition do not have counterparts in the S. purpuratus genome. Our findings therefore reveal substantial differences in the primary sequences of proteins that mediate biomineral formation in echinoderms and vertebrates, possibly reflecting loose constraints on the primary structures of the proteins involved. On the other hand, certain cellular and molecular processes associated with earlier events in skeletogenesis appear similar in echinoderms and vertebrates, leaving open the possibility of deeper evolutionary relationships.
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Analysis of the S. purpuratus genome revealed major differences in the proteins that mediate biomineralization in echinoderms and vertebrates.
“Analysis of the S. purpuratus genome revealed major differences in the proteins that mediate biomineralization in echinoderms and vertebrates (50).”
From The Genome of the Sea Urchin <i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i> (2006) · cites this paper as [50]
Members of all three sea urchin-specific biomineralization gene families are expressed specifically by the primary mesenchyme cells.
“The members of all three of these sea urchin-specific gene families were expressed specifically by the biomineral-forming cells of the embryo, the primary mesenchyme cells [see (50)].”
From The Genome of the Sea Urchin <i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i> (2006) · cites this paper as [50]
Many differentiation genes used in embryonic skeleton biomineralization are also used in the biomineralization of adult spines and test plates.
“Many of the same differentiation genes as are used in the biomineralization of the embryo skeleton are also used to make the similar biomineral of the spines and test plates of the adult body.”
From Transfer of a large gene regulatory apparatus to a new developmental address in echinoid evolution (2008) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Livingston, B. T., Killian, C. E., Wilt, F., Cameron, A., Landrum, M. J., Ermolaeva, O., Sapojnikov, V., Maglott, D. R., Buchanan, A. M., & Ettensohn, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ettensohn, C.A.
- Venue
- Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 300
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 335-348
- ISSN
- 0012-1606 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1997794139
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
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- FWCI
- 7.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Research Resources (P40RR015044, RR15044)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Bone and Dental Protein Studies
- Keywords
- biomineralization, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, sea urchins, Echinodermata, vertebrates, gene clusters, skeletogenesis, deuterostome evolution, genome-wide survey
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Calcification, Physiologic, Echinodermata, Molecular Sequence Data, Proteins, Sea Urchins, Vertebrates, Consensus Sequence, Sequence Alignment, Genome, In Situ Hybridization, DNA Primers, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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