Early-life seizures produce lasting alterations in the structure and function of the prefrontal cortex
Open accessAbstract
Early-life seizures (ELS) are associated with long-term behavioral disorders including autism and ADHD, suggesting that frontal lobe structures may be permanently affected. We tested whether ELS produce structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and impair PFC-mediated function using an operant task of behavioral flexibility in rats. Adult rats that had been exposed to 75 flurothyl seizures during postnatal days 1-10 showed decreased behavioral flexibility in the task compared to controls over multiple behavioral sessions, measured as a lever preference asymmetry (p<0.001) and a decreased efficiency of attaining food rewards (p<0.05). ELS rats also showed an increased thickness of the PFC (p<0.01), primarily attributed to layer V (p<0.01) with no differences in cell density. These structural changes correlated with lever preference behavioral impairments (p<0.05). This study demonstrates that the consequences of ELS extend to the PFC, which may help explain the high prevalence of comorbid behavioral disorders following ELS.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
FLE seizures can cause structural and functional damage of the prefrontal areas including altered short-term plasticity.
“And eventually the FLE seizures can cause structural and functional damage of the prefrontal areas including altered short-term plasticity [389, 390].”
From Development of prefrontal cortex (2022) · cites this paper as [389]
The Abstract reports increased prefrontal-cortex thickness and impaired PFC-mediated behavioral flexibility after early-life seizures in rats. It does not establish this for frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) seizures or report altered short-term plasticity; the Discussion says the mechanism of PFC functional alteration requires further study. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585 · see citing works
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803 · see citing works
Just, M. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Keller, T. A., Kana, R. K., & Minshew, N. J. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl006 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
Tuchman, R. F., & Rapin, I. (2002) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(02)00160-6 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Floresco, S. B., Block, A. E., & Tse, M. T. L. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.008 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Glass, H. C., Glidden, D. V., Jeremy, R. J., Barkovich, A. J., Ferriero, D. M., & Miller, S. P. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.040 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Consequences of neonatal seizures in the rat: Morphological and behavioral effects
Gl, H., Gairsa, J., Chevassus-au-Louis, N., & Ben‐Ari, Y. (1998) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410440602 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Hermann, B. P., Seidenberg, M., Bell, B. D., Rutecki, P. A., Sheth, R. D., Ruggles, K. H., Wendt, G. J., OʼLeary, D. S., & Magnotta, V. A. (2002) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.49901.x · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Reduced Neurogenesis after Neonatal Seizures
McCabe, B. K., Silveira, D. C., Cilio, M. R., Cha, B. H., Liu, X., Sogawa, Y., & Holmes, G. L. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-06-02094.2001 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationHarada, M., Taki, M. M., Nose, A., Kubo, H., Mori, K., Nishitani, H., & Matsuda, T. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1065-0 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
A follow‐up study of intractable seizures in childhood
Huttenlocher, P. R., & Hapke, R. J. (1990) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410280516 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Neural Components Underlying Behavioral Flexibility in Human Reversal Learning
Ghahremani, D. G., Monterosso, J., Jentsch, J. D., Bilder, R. M., & Poldrack, R. A. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp247 · Cited by 180 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Behavioral flexibility refers to the ability to adaptively adjust acquired responses upon a change in environmental conditions [32].”
BackgroundStress-induced activation of nitric oxide-producing neurons in the rat brain
Krukoff, T. L., & Khalili, P. (1997) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970127)377:4 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Neurologic Outcome After Electroencephalographically Proven Neonatal Seizures
Legido, A., Clancy, R. R., & Berman, P. H. (1991) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.88.3.583 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders: are there common developmental mechanisms?
Brooks-Kayal, A. (2010) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2010.04.010 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Effects of Oestrogen on Cognition: What Have We Learned From Basic Research?
Daniel, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01471.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Consequences of recurrent seizures during early brain development
Liu, Z., Yang, Y., Silveira, D. C., Sarkisian, M. R., Tandon, P., Huang, L.-T., Stafstrom, C. E., & Holmes, G. L. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00064-0 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationEpileptic syndromes, cognitive assessment and school placement: a study of 251 children
Bulteau, C., Jambaqué, I., Viguier, D., Kieffer, V., Dellatolas, G., & Dulac, O. (2000) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162200000566 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Kaufmann, R., Goldberg‐Stern, H., & Shuper, A. (2009) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073808330165 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
A single episode of neonatal seizures permanently alters glutamatergic synapses
Cornejo, B. J., Mesches, M. H., Coultrap, S. J., Browning, M. D., & Benke, T. A. (2007) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21071 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Bjørnæs, H., Stabell, K. E., Henriksen, O., & Løyning, Y. (2001) · Seizure · doi:10.1053/seiz.2000.0503 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The Long-Term Effects of Neonatal Seizures
Holmes, G. L. (2009) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2009.07.012 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationSogawa, Y., Monokoshi, M., Silveira, D. C., Cha, B. H., Cilio, M. R., McCabe, B. K., Liu, X., Hu, Y., & Holmes, G. L. (2001) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(01)00265-6 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationSHERIDAN, M. A., HINSHAW, S., & D'ESPOSITO, M. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31812eecf7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Early life seizures cause long-standing impairment of the hippocampal map
Karnam, H. B., Zhou, J., Huang, L., Zhao, Q., Shatskikh, T. N., & Holmes, G. L. (2009) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.028 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationKilleen, P. R., & Sitomer, M. T. (2003) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00017-2 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder and cingulate epilepsy
Levin, B. E., & DUCHOWNY, M. S. (1991) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90124-5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Kheramin, S., Body, S., Herrera, F. M., Bradshaw, C. M., Szabadi, E., Deakin, J. F. W., & Anderson, I. M. (2004) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.05.017 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Recurrent neonatal seizures: relationship of pathology to the electroencephalogram and cognition
Landrot, I. D. R., Minokoshi, M., Silveira, D. C., Cha, B. H., & Holmes, G. L. (2001) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(01)00177-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictors of intellectual performance in adults with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy
Glosser, G., Cole, L., French, J. A., Saykin, A. J., & Sperling, M. R. (1997) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561779700252x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Selective impairment of GABAergic synaptic transmission in the flurothyl model of neonatal seizures
Isaeva, E., Isaev, D. S., Khazipov, R., & Holmes, G. L. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04693.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationJoel, D., Doljansky, J. T., Roz, N., & Rehavi, M. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.037 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy in children
Dunn, D. W. (2003) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1525-5050(03)00022-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Dopamine in the prefrontal cortex regulates rats behavioral flexibility to changing reward value
Winter, S., Dieckmann, M., & Schwabe, K. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.040 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Isaeva, E., Isaev, D. S., Савотченко, А., Khazipov, R., & Holmes, G. L. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07179.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationMuhammad, A., Hossain, S., Pellis, S., & Kolb, B. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0022628 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Epilepsy and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Kaplan, P. W. (2010) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2010.12.2/pkaplan · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Lin, T.-C., Huang, L., Huang, Y.-N., Chen, G.-S., & Wang, J. (2009) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.12.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
[Obsessive syndrome of epileptic etiology in children and pre-adolescents].
Goás, M. C., y Filgueir, G.-R., Carreró Martínez, P., & Penzol Díaz, J. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Animal models of epilepsy: use and limitations
Kandratavicius, L., Balista, P. A., Lopes‐Aguiar, C., Ruggiero, R. N., Umeoka, E. H. D. L., Garcia‐Cairasco, N., Bueno-Júnior, L. S., & Leite, J. P. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s50371 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Development of prefrontal cortex
Kolk, S. M., & Rakic, P. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01137-9 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“And eventually the FLE seizures can cause structural and functional damage of the prefrontal areas including altered short-term plasticity [389, 390].”
BackgroundCognitive impairment in epilepsy: the role of network abnormalities
Holmes, G. L. (2015) · Epileptic Disorders · doi:10.1684/epd.2015.0739 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Seizures on the Developing Brain and Cognition
Holmes, G. L. (2016) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2016.05.001 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms and effects of seizures in the immature brain
Nardou, R., Ferrari, D. C., & Ben‐Ari, Y. (2013) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2013.02.003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Epilepsy and AutismPreprint
Buckley, A. W., & Holmes, G. L. (2016) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a022749 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly-life seizures result in deficits in social behavior and learning
Lugo, J. N., Swann, J. W., & Anderson, A. E. (2014) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.03.014 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Holmes, G. L., Tian, C., Hernan, A. E., Flynn, S. P., Camp, D., & Barry, J. M. (2015) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.015 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationHunt, R. W., Liley, H. G., Wagh, D., Schembri, R., Lee, K. J., Shearman, A. D., Francis-Pester, S., de Waal, K., Cheong, J. L. Y., Olischar, M., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39604 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chapman, K. E., Raol, Y. H., & Brooks‐Kayal, A. R. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08140.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Pineda, E., Jentsch, J. D., Shin, D. H., Griesbach, G. S., Sankar, R., & Mazarati, A. M. (2013) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Altered short-term plasticity in the prefrontal cortex after early life seizures
Hernan, A. E., Holmes, G. L., Isaev, D., Scott, R. C., & Isaeva, E. (2013) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.007 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat is more harmful, seizures or epileptic EEG abnormalities? Is there any clinical data?
Holmes, G. L. (2014) · Epileptic Disorders · doi:10.1684/epd.2014.0686 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationBernard, P. B., & Benke, T. A. (2014) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.018 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Warren, A. E. L., Abbott, D. F., Vaughan, D. N., Jackson, G. D., & Archer, J. S. (2016) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.13342 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kolc, K. L., Sadleir, L. G., Depienne, C., Marini, C., Scheffer, I. E., Møller, R. S., Trivisano, M., Specchio, N., Pham, D., Kumar, R., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0803-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bernard, P. B., Castano, A. M., Beitzel, C. S., Carlson, V. B., & Benke, T. A. (2015) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.01.006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Shared Etiology in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Epilepsy with Functional Disability
Zahra, A., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., & Wu, J. (2022) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2022/5893519 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Impact of transient acute hypoxia on the developing mouse EEG
Zanelli, S. A., Goodkin, H. P., Kowalski, S., & Kapur, J. (2014) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Childhood epilepsy and ADHD comorbidity in an Indian tertiary medical center outpatient population
Choudhary, A., Gulati, S., Sagar, R., Sankhyan, N., & Sripada, K. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20676-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Anatomy Based Networks and Topology Alteration in Seizure-Related Cognitive Outcomes
Wu, Q. Y., Zhao, C. W., Long, Z., Xiao, B., & Feng, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00025 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Takechi, K., Suemaru, K., Kiyoi, T., Tanaka, A., & Araki, H. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.021 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Castelhano, A. S. S., Ramos, F. O., Scorza, F. A., & Cysneiros, R. M. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1291-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Barry, J. M., Tian, C., Spinella, A., Page, M., & Holmes, G. L. (2016) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.03.032 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationCannabinoids Rescue Cocaine-Induced Seizures by Restoring Brain Glycine Receptor Dysfunction
Zou, G., Zuo, X., Chen, K., Ge, Y., Wang, X., Xu, G., Wang, H., Miao, C., Xu, Z., Tian, S., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.106 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Functional brain connectivity in a rodent seizure model of autistic-like behavior
Mouchati, P. R., Barry, J. M., & Holmes, G. L. (2019) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.03.046 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy Are Children With Epileptic Encephalopathies Encephalopathic?
Barry, J. M., & Holmes, G. L. (2016) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073816662140 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationLam, J., Williams, M., Ashla, M. M., & Lee, D. J. (2021) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106591 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
ACTH Prevents Deficits in Fear Extinction Associated with Early Life Seizures
Massey, A., Lerner, D. K., Holmes, G. L., Scott, R. C., & Hernan, A. E. (2016) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00065 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationJellett, A. P., Jenks, K. R., Lucas, M. M., & Scott, R. C. (2014) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.11.005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationWearick‐Silva, L. E., Sebben, A. D., Costa‐Ferro, Z. S. M., Marinowic, D. R., & Nunes, M. L. (2019) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.03.005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lam, J., Cabeen, R. P., Tanna, R., Navarro, L., Heck, C. N., Liu, C. Y., Lee, B., Russin, J., Toga, A. W., & Lee, D. J. (2021) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.01.141 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Friedman, L., & Kahen, B. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112046 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Contribution of prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus to anxiety in young epileptic mice
Wang, Z., Zheng, X., Fong, T. H., Liu, X., Gong, Z., Zhou, Q., Liao, J., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150789 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Single neonatal status epilepticus does not impair cognitive function in rats
Barbosa, G., Batista, S. P., dos Santos, P. B., Thomaz, C. R. C., Scorza, F. A., & Cysneiros, R. M. (2017) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.04.031 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hendrawan, F., Afwan, O., Kurniawan, P. A., Wardana, M. T. E., Kusumadewi, P. A., Wibisono, D. P., & Nurputra, D. K. (2025) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.110247 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ruggiero, R. N., Lopes‐Aguiar, C., & Leite, J. P. (2012) · Journal of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology · Cited by 3 · see citing works
CBD treatment following early life seizures alters orbitofrontal-striatal signaling during adulthood
Cashen, N. A., Kloc, M. L., Pressman, D., Liebman, S. A., & Holmes, G. L. (2024) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109638 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBlandin, K. J., Narvaiz, D. A., Sullens, D. G., Womble, P. D., Hodges, S. L., Binder, M. S., Faust, A. M., Nguyen, P. H., Pranske, Z. J., & Lugo, J. N. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14090892 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Early-life seizures alter habit behavior formation and fronto-striatal circuit dynamics
Kloc, M. L., Shultes, M. G., Pressman, R. D., Liebman, S. A., Schneur, C. A., Broomer, M. C., Barry, J. M., Bouton, M. E., & Holmes, G. L. (2023) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109320 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurobehavioral Comorbidities of Epilepsy: Lessons from Animal Models
Mazarati, A. M. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric symptoms of neurological disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22159-5_1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Models of Epileptic Encephalopathies
Jarvis, P. R., & Holmes, G. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804066-9.00069-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Eastern Association of Electroencephalographers: A Canadian/USA success story
Goodman, M. H., Hwang, P., Burnham, C. D., Moshé, S. L., Barry, J. M., & Holmes, G. L. (2025) · Clinical Neurophysiology Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2025.08.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationRomanov, A., & Isaeva, E. (2020) · Fìzìologìčnij žurnal · doi:10.15407/fz66.2-3.093
Milligan, H. R. (2020) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont)
Friedman, L. K., Kahen, B., Velı́šek, L., & Velı́šková, J. (2022) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147849
Khalife, M. R., Jasinski, P. E., Rabbo, K. A., Ouardouz, M., Mahoney, J. M., Scott, R. C., & Hernan, A. E. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657069
Self-citationWang, X., Deng, J., Shi, D., 刘志广, Wang, L., & Wu, G. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71657
The Burden of Epilepsy: The Contribution of Seizures (AES 2025 Presidential Symposium)
Downs, J. A., Berg, A. T., Dang, L. T., Kapur, J., McDonald, C. R., & Goodkin, H. P. (2026) · Epiliepsy currents/Epilepsy currents · doi:10.1177/15357597261478432
- Authors
- Kleen, J. K., Sesqué, A., Wu, E. X., Miller, F. A., Hernan, A. E., Holmes, G. L., & Scott, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Université Jean Monnet (FR)
- Venue
- Epilepsy & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 214-219
- ISSN
- 1525-5050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3185212
- OpenAlex
- W2082813494
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Epilepsy & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (F30NS064624, R01NS044295)
- Great Ormond Street Children's Charity
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Epilepsy research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- early-life seizures, prefrontal cortex, flurothyl-induced seizures, behavioral flexibility, cortical thickness, layer V, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Conditioning, Operant, Disease Models, Animal, Electroencephalography, Flurothyl, Male, Seizures, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Prefrontal Cortex, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review