Cited by 348Circadian rhythm and melatoninHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesEstrogen and related hormone effects

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Sex differences in circadian timing systems: Implications for disease

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Bailey, Matthew, Silver, Rae·2014·Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.11.003PMC PMC4041593

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Abstract

Virtually every eukaryotic cell has an endogenous circadian clock and a biological sex. These cell-based clocks have been conceptualized as oscillators whose phase can be reset by internal signals such as hormones, and external cues such as light. The present review highlights the inter-relationship between circadian clocks and sex differences. In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as a master clock synchronizing the phase of clocks throughout the body. Gonadal steroid receptors are expressed in almost every site that receives direct SCN input. Here we review sex differences in the circadian timing system in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG), the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary (HPA) axis, and sleep-arousal systems. We also point to ways in which disruption of circadian rhythms within these systems differs in the sexes and is associated with dysfunction and disease. Understanding sex differentiated circadian timing systems can lead to improved treatment strategies for these conditions.

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Authors: Bailey, M., & Silver, R.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Bailey, Matthew
Silver, Rae
ORCID: Silver, Rae
Venue: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-01
Volume: 35
Issue: 1
Pages: 111-139
ISSN: 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.11.003
PMC: PMC4041593
OpenAlex: W2089689504
Cited by: 348
References: 383
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 9
FWCI: 2.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH075045, MH 075045)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-37919, R01NS037919)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Keywords: sex differences, circadian clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, circadian rhythm disruption, circadian system, disease
MeSH terms: Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Sex Characteristics, Sleep, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

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Sex differences in circadian timing systems: Implications for disease

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