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Cited by 55Circadian rhythm and melatoninStress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

Circadian rhythms and the HPA axis: A systems view

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Androulakis, Ioannis P.·2021·WIREs Mechanisms of Disease
DOI 10.1002/wsbm.1518PMC PMC8900069
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Abstract

The circadian timing system comprises a network of time‐keeping clocks distributed across a living host whose responsibility is to allocate resources and distribute functions temporally to optimize fitness. The molecular structures generating these rhythms have evolved to accommodate the rotation of the earth in an attempt to primarily match the light/dark periods during the 24‐hr day. To maintain synchrony of timing across and within tissues, information from the central clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is conveyed using systemic signals. Leading among those signals are endocrine hormones, and while the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis through the release of glucocorticoids is a major pacesetter. Interestingly, the fundamental units at the molecular and physiological scales that generate local and systemic signals share critical structural properties. These properties enable time‐keeping systems to generate rhythmic signals and allow them to adopt specific properties as they interact with each other and the external environment. The purpose of this review is to provide a broad overview of these structures, discuss their functional characteristics, and describe some of their fundamental properties as these related to health and disease. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Computational Models Immune System Diseases > Biomedical Engineering

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  • Circadian and sleep-related rhythms govern daily variation in bone turnover markers and modulate monocyte-macrophage and T-cell activity, influencing inflammatory activity in RA and OA.

    “Circadian and sleep-related rhythms in turn govern daily variation in bone turnover markers [71,72] and modulate monocyte–macrophage and T-cell activity, thereby influencing inflammatory activity in RA and OA [73]”

    From Interorgan Communications in Skeletal Pathophysiology: From Molecular Pathways to Multidisciplinary Therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [72]

    The ‘Biological rhythms > Endocrine system’ section (page unavailable) says circadian glucocorticoid rhythms affect immune inhibition and activation, supporting a general link between rhythms and immune activity. It does not establish modulation of monocyte–macrophage or T-cell activity, or the proposed effect on inflammation in both RA and OA. The bone-turnover portion of the citing sentence is assigned to other citations, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Circadian rhythm, along with feedback loops, plays an important role in the functioning of the HPA axis.

    “Circadian rhythm, along with feedback loops, plays an important role in the functioning of the HPA axis, as noted by Androulakis (2021).”

    From Model Predictive Controller to Regulate Cortisol Levels in Individuals With Adrenal Insufficiency (2026) · cites this paper as Androulakis (2021)

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Authors
Androulakis, I. P.
Affiliations
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author
Androulakis, Ioannis P.
ORCID
Androulakis, Ioannis P.
Venue
WIREs Mechanisms of Disease
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2021-01-12
Volume
13
Issue
4
Pages
e1518-e1518
ISSN
2692-9368 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1002/wsbm.1518
PMC
PMC8900069
OpenAlex
W3119074918
Cited by
55
References
210
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
FWCI
0.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • WIREs Mechanisms of Disease (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM131800)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords
circadian rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, suprachiasmatic nucleus, glucocorticoids, circadian clock, endocrine hormones, light-dark cycle
MeSH terms
Circadian Rhythm, Glucocorticoids, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

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