Sex differences in Parkinson’s disease: Features on clinical symptoms, treatment outcome, sexual hormones and genetics
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Sex is an important factor in the development of PD, as reflected by the fact that it is more common in men than in women by an approximate ratio of 2:1. Our hypothesis is that differences in PD among men and women are highly determined by sex-dependent differences in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, which arise from environmental, hormonal and genetic influences. Sex hormones, specifically estrogens, influence PD pathogenesis and might play an important role in PD differences between men and women. The objective of this review was to discuss the PD physiopathology and point out sex differences in nigrostriatal degeneration, symptoms, genetics, responsiveness to treatments and biochemical and molecular mechanisms among patients suffering from this disease. Finally, we discuss the role estrogens may have on PD sex differences.
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Women have better cognitive performance than men in the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Scales for Outcomes of Parkinson's disease-cognition.
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Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine
Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Bairey Merz, N., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J.-J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vries, G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., Klein, S. L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31561-0 · Cited by 2,001 · see citing works
Sex differences in obesity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation—A role for the sex chromosomes?
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Jee, H. J., Lee, S. G., Bormate, K. J., & Jung, Y.-S. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12103080 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“M > F ~80 1741 [45] PD is more common in men than women, with an approximate ratio of 2:1.”
BackgroundMethodEcheverria, V., Echeverria, F., Barreto, G. E., Echeverría, J., & Mendoza, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.644103 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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Sex and gender considerations in dementia: a call for global research
Vila-Castelar, C., Udeh-Momoh, C., Aggarwal, N. T., & Mielke, M. M. (2023) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-023-00374-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jurado-Coronel, J. C., Cabezas, R., Ávila Rodríguez, M. F., Echeverria, V., García-Segura, L. M., & Barreto, G. E.
- Affiliations
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (CO)
- Corresponding author
- Barreto, George E.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 50
- Pages
- 18-30
- ISSN
- 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2758095848
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- PUJ (5623)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, sex differences, sex hormones, estrogen, nigrostriatal pathway, clinical symptoms, treatment response, genetic susceptibility, neurodegeneration, sex ratio
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Parkinson Disease, Sex Characteristics, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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