Cited by 206Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsNeurological Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsTryptophan and brain disorders

Inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress as key factors responsible for progression of neurodegeneration: role of brain innate immune system

Leszek, Jerzy, E. Barreto, George, G|siorowski, Kazimierz, Koutsouraki, Euphrosyni, Ávila-Rodrigues, Marco, Aliev, Gjumrakch·2016·CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets

Abstract

Chronic inflammation is characterized by longstanding microglial activation followed by sustained release of inflammatory mediators, which aid in enhanced nitrosative and oxidative stress. The sustained release of inflammatory mediators propels the inflammatory cycle by increased microglial activation, promoting their proliferation and thus stimulating enhanced release of inflammatory factors. Elevated levels of several cytokines and chronic neuroinflammation have been associated with many neurodegenerative disorders of central nervous system like age-related macular degeneration, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington' disease, and tauopathies. This review highlights the basic mechanisms of neuroinflammation, the characteristics of neurodegenerative diseases, and the main immunologic responses in CNS neurodegenerative disorders. A comprehensive outline for the crucial role of microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and the role of Toll-like receptor signalling in coexistence of inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress as major factors responsible for progression of neurodegeneration have also been presented.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2174/1871527315666160202125914

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88 of 88 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Authors
Leszek, J., E. Barreto, G., G|siorowski, K., Koutsouraki, E., Ávila-Rodrigues, M., & Aliev, G.
Venue
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Published
2016-03-10
Volume
15
Issue
3
Pages
329-336
ISSN
  • 1568-007X (ISSN-L)
  • 1871-5273
OpenAlex
W2271123303
Cited by
206
References
88
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 9
FWCI
14.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Keywords
neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, microglial activation, oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokines, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, tauopathy
MeSH terms
Animals, Brain, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Cytokines, Microglia, Oxidative Stress, Disease Progression, Neurodegenerative Diseases

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