Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism in a longitudinal study: Two-fold higher incidence in men
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of parkinsonism and PD in the Italian elderly, and to explore the relation with age and gender. METHODS: In eight Italian municipalities, a population-based, parkinsonism-free cohort was followed for an average of 3 years. At the end of the follow-up, the cohort survivors were directly contacted (screening and clinical examination). Cohort members who had died were studied using death certificates, clinical records, and information gathered from relatives and general practitioners. Parkinsonism diagnosis and subtyping were made according to specified diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 4,341 individuals (65 to 84 years of age): 596 died before the examination, 2,863 (76.4% of the survivors) completed the screening procedure, and 882 refused to participate. The authors found 68 incident cases of parkinsonism: 42 PD (62%), 7 drug-induced parkinsonism (10%), 8 parkinsonism in dementia (12%), 8 vascular parkinsonism (12%), and 3 parkinsonism, unspecified (5.8%). Average annual incidence rate (per 100,000 person-years) in the population aged 65 to 84 years, adjusted to the 1992 Italian population, was 529.7 (95% CI, 400.5 to 658.9) for parkinsonism, and 326.3 (95% CI, 224.1 to 427.5) for PD. Incidence rates for both parkinsonism and PD increased with age in both men and women; men had higher rates in every age group. Age-adjusted relative risk in men compared with women was 1.66 (95% CI, 1.02 to 2.70) for parkinsonism and 2.13 (95% CI, 1.11 to 4.11) for PD. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of parkinsonism and PD increased with age, PD was the most common type of parkinsonism, and men had a risk of developing PD twice that of women.
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PD incidence rates are consistently higher in men than in women at all ages.
“According to several studies, the onset of PD in men occurs, on average, two years earlier than in women, and the incidence rate in men is twice as high as that in women [73].”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
The reason for reduced PD risk difference with age is likely that women have a longer lifespan than men, and men are at greater risk of dying at a younger age.
“The reason is likely that women have a longer lifespan than men, and men are at greater risk of dying at a younger age [43].”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
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- Authors
- Baldereschi, M., Di Carlo, A., Rocca, W. A., Vanni, P., Maggi, S., Perissinotto, E., Grigoletto, F., Amaducci, L., & Inzitari, D.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- From the Italian National Research Council (CNR CSFET-ILSA Study) (Drs. Baldereschi and Di Carlo), Florence, Italy; Departments of Health Sciences Research and Neurology (Dr. Rocca), Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences (Drs. Vanni, Amaducci, and Inzitari), University of Florence, Italy; Italian National Research Council (CNR-Centre on Aging) (Dr. Maggi), Padova, Italy; and Institute of Hygiene (Drs. Perissinotto and Grigoletto),...
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2000-11-14
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1358-1363
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2139945587
- Cited by
- 526
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 7.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS033978, NS33978)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, incidence, older adults, age-related risk, sex differences, drug-induced parkinsonism, vascular parkinsonism, Italian population
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Italy, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Parkinson Disease, Incidence, Risk Adjustment, Parkinsonian Disorders
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