Increased aggressive behavior and decreased affiliative behavior in adult male monkeys after long-term consumption of diets rich in soy protein and isoflavones
Abstract
Estrogen produced by aromatization of gonadal androgen has an important facilitative role in male-typical aggressive behavior that is mediated through its interaction with estrogen receptors (ER) in the brain. Isoflavones found in soybeans and soy-based dietary supplements bind ER and have dose- and tissue-dependent effects on estrogen-mediated responses. Yet, effects of isoflavone-rich diets on social and aggressive behavior have not been studied. We studied the effects of long-term (15 months) consumption of diets rich in soy isoflavones on spontaneous social behavior among adult male cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) (n = 44) living in nine stable social groups. There were three experimental conditions which differed only by the source of dietary protein: casein and lactalbumin (no isoflavones), soy protein isolate containing 0.94 mg isoflavones/g protein, and soy protein isolate containing 1.88 mg isoflavones/g protein. In the monkeys fed the higher amount of isoflavones, frequencies of intense aggressive (67% higher) and submissive (203% higher) behavior were elevated relative to monkeys fed the control diet (P's < 0.05). In addition, the proportion of time spent by these monkeys in physical contact with other monkeys was reduced by 68%, time spent in proximity to other monkeys was reduced 50%, and time spent alone was increased 30% (P's < 0.02). There were no effects of treatment on serum testosterone or estradiol concentrations or the response of plasma testost…
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Long-term consumption of soy-rich diets enhances aggression in male cynomolgus monkeys.
“long-term consumption of soy-rich diets has been shown to enhance aggression in male cynomolgus monkeys (117)”
From Endocrine Disruption of Vasopressin Systems and Related Behaviors (2017) · cites this paper as [117]
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- Authors
- Simon, N. G., Kaplan, J. R., Hu, S., Register, T. C., & Adams, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Lehigh University (US)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Corresponding author
- Adams, Michael R
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 278-284
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2001448855
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh059300-04)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P0 1HL 45666, P01HL045666)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH59300)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Phytoestrogen effects and research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- soy isoflavones, soy protein, male aggression, affiliative behavior, social behavior, cynomolgus macaques, estrogen receptor, estrogen, dietary protein, casein, lactalbumin, testosterone, estradiol, GnRH response, social dominance
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Animals, Animal Feed, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Estrogen Antagonists, Isoflavones, Macaca fascicularis, Male, Social Behavior, Time Factors, Soybean Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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