Long-term alterations in neural and endocrine processes induced by motherhood in mammals

Bridges, Robert S.

doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.09.001

Cited by 100Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorStress Responses and CortisolNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms

Long-term alterations in neural and endocrine processes induced by motherhood in mammals

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Bridges, Robert S.·2016·Hormones and Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.09.001PMC PMC4724454

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Abstract

This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care". The reproductive experience of pregnancy, lactation and motherhood can significantly remodel the female's biological state, affecting endocrine, neuroendocrine, neural, and immunological processes. The brain, pituitary gland, liver, thymus, and mammary tissue are among the structures that are modified by reproductive experience. The present review that focuses on rodent research, but also includes pertinent studies in sheep and other species, identifies specific changes in these processes brought about by the biological states of pregnancy, parturition, and lactation and how the components of reproductive experience contribute to the remodeling of the maternal brain and organ systems. Findings indicate that prior parity alters key circulating hormone levels and neural receptor gene expression. Moreover, reproductive experience results in modifications in neural processes and glial support. The possible role of pregnancy-induced neurogenesis is considered in the context of neuroplasticity and behavior, and the effects of reproductive experience on maternal memory, i.e. the retention of maternal behavior, together with anxiety and learning are presented. Together, these sets of findings support the concept that the neural and biological state of the adult female is significantly and dramatically altered on a long-term basis by the experiences of parity and motherhood. Remodeling of the maternal brain and other biological systems is posited to help facilitate adaptations to environmental/ecological challenges as the female raises young and ages.

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Direct somatic contact with the offspring mainly initiates a nursing response, while other sensory stimuli like cries or odors contribute essentially to arousal and orientation.
“direct somatic contact with the offspring mainly initiates a nursing response, while other sensory stimuli like cries or odors contribute essentially to arousal and orientation”
From Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin (2019) · cites this paper as Bridges, 2016
New mothers undergo dramatic endocrinological and physiological changes supporting the establishment and maintenance of maternal caregiving, including changes throughout the central nervous system.
“New mothers themselves undergo dramatic endocrinological and physiological changes supporting the establishment and maintenance of maternal caregiving, including changes throughout the central nervous system”
From Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin (2019) · cites this paper as Bridges, 2016

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Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin
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Authors: Bridges, R. S.
Affiliations: Tufts University (US)
Corresponding author: Bridges, Robert S.
ORCID: Bridges, Robert S.
Venue: Hormones and Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-01
Volume: 77
Pages: 193-203
ISSN: 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.09.001
PMC: PMC4724454
OpenAlex: W2195942266
Cited by: 100
References: 113
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 1.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: NIH (R01 HD039895)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Keywords: motherhood, reproductive experience, pregnancy, lactation, parity, neuroplasticity, maternal behavior, maternal memory, anxiety, learning, endocrine changes, hormone levels, pituitary gland, mammary gland, thymus, liver, rodents, sheep
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Brain, Female, Humans, Lactation, Maternal Behavior, Neurosecretory Systems, Parity, Pregnancy, Reproduction, Sheep, Parturition

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Long-term alterations in neural and endocrine processes induced by motherhood in mammals

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