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A cluster randomized controlled trial of strategies to increase adolescents' physical activity and motivation in physical education: Results of the Motivating Active Learning in Physical Education (MALP) trial
Open accessAbstract
Objective Physical education (PE) programs aim to promote physical activity (PA) and reach most school-aged youth. However, PA levels within PE lessons are often low. In this cluster-randomized controlled trial, we examined the effects of three self-determination theory-based motivational strategies on PA and sedentary behavior, as well as their hypothesized antecedents during PE lessons.Methods Data were collected in Sydney, Australia (October-December 2011). After baseline testing, teachers (n=16) and their classes (n=288 students; M=13.6 years, 50.4% male) were randomly assigned to one of four teaching strategy conditions: (1) explaining relevance; (2) providing choice; (3) complete free choice; or (4) usual practice. Teachers then delivered the assigned strategy. Primary outcomes were accelerometer-assessed PA and student motivation during lessons. Secondary outcomes included sedentary behavior, perceptions of teachers' support and psychological needs satisfaction.Results The 'free choice' intervention increased PA (p<.05). 'Providing choice' and 'free choice' interventions decreased sedentary behavior (p<.05). The interventions did not influence motivation, but students' autonomy increased during both choice-based interventions (p<.05).Conclusions Promoting choice can produce short-term increases in PA and decreases in sedentary behavior, as well as increased perceived autonomy during PE lessons.
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“Furthermore, providing students with brief periods of complete free choice increases their MVPA compared with a lesson led by the teacher [101, 102].”
In the citing paper
“Experimental evidence shows that providing students with the opportunity to select their activities from a range of options provided by the teacher increases their total physical activity during PE lessons [101, 102].”
In the citing paper
“This study randomized students to different teaching strategy interventions, blinded students to alternative intervention options and also assessed intervention fidelity using blinded assessors.”
From The school environment and adolescent physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a mixed-studies systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This study randomized students to different teaching strategy interventions, blinded students to alternative intervention options and also assessed intervention fidelity using blinded assessors.”
From The school environment and adolescent physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a mixed-studies systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This study also utilized an objective physical activity measure, which was where a number of other experimental studies fell short 26, 27, 28, 29.”
From The school environment and adolescent physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a mixed-studies systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Most of the 11 experimental studies were of moderate quality; only one PE‐based study was deemed of high quality 25.”
From The school environment and adolescent physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a mixed-studies systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This study randomized students to different teaching strategy interventions, blinded students to alternative intervention options and also assessed intervention fidelity using blinded assessors.”
From The school environment and adolescent physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a mixed-studies systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
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Self-citationSchool Physical Activity Intervention Effect on Adolescents’ Performance in Mathematics
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Pickett, A. C., Bowie, M., Berg, A., Towne, S. D., Hollifield, S., & Smith, M. L. (2022) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549211065522 · Cited by 8
Christodoulakis, A., Bouloukaki, I., Aravantinou-Karlatou, A., Margetaki, K., Zografakis‐Sfakianakis, M., & Tsiligianni, I. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12020151 · Cited by 10
“Teaching-The-Teachers (TTT) interventions seem to improve body composition, technical performance, and fitness level [31,38].”
BackgroundInfluentialAhmed, M. D., Ho, W. K. Y., Niekerk, R. L. V., Sulz, L., & Begum, S. (2020) · Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research · doi:10.2478/pcssr-2020-0025 · Cited by 8
“Moreover, SDT has been applied successfully to intervention research within the PE context to manipulate the psychological needs of youth, thereby increasing specific targeted behaviors such as physical activity, PE enjoyment, and a sense of autonomy (Lonsdale et al., 2013, 2009; Ward et al., 2008).”
MethodPengembangan Model Pembelajaran Kebugaran Jasmani Dengan Modifikasi Permainan Pada Siswa Kelas VIII
Prayoga, G. A. N., Heynoek, F. P., & Yudasmara, D. S. (2022) · Sport Science and Health · doi:10.17977/um062v2i102020p500-510 · Cited by 8
Individual and Group-Based Engagement in an Online Physical Activity Monitoring Program in Georgia
Smith, M., Durrett, N. K., Bowie, M., Berg, A. C., McCullick, B., LoPilato, A. C., & Murray, D. (2018) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd15.170223 · Cited by 6
Eather, N., McLachlan, E., Leahy, A. A., Sylvester, B. D., & Lubans, D. R. (2025) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2024-0173 · Cited by 8
Self-citationMotivation Resides Only in Our Language, Not in Our Mental Processes
Murayama, K. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0011 · Cited by 7
Pekrun, R. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0038 · Cited by 10
Moin, M., Farhan, Z., Naqvi, S. K., Lassi, Z. S., & Das, J. K. (2026) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.16.04112 · Cited by 10
Understanding Human Motivation and Action as a Complex Dynamic System
Kaplan, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0073 · Cited by 6
The use of autonomy among physical education teachers in Finland and Kurdistan region of Iraq
Lagestad, P., Makrooni, G., Mohammed, W. A., & Kalari, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1425189 · Cited by 9
Basarkod, G., & Marsh, H. W. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0010 · Cited by 9
Gender‐specific correlates of sufficient physical activity among vulnerable children
Hong, J., Choo, J., Kim, H., & Jae, S. Y. (2019) · Japan Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.1111/jjns.12278 · Cited by 8
Identifying the Role of Social Relationships in Motivating Students to Learn
Wentzel, K. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0063 · Cited by 9
Motivational Processes in Physical Education
Taylor, I. M., & Lonsdale, C. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197600047.013.36 · Cited by 5
Self-citationInfatuation with Constructs and Losing Sight of the Motivational Phenomenon
Kaplan, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0067 · Cited by 5
Gargallo-García, M., Manresa‐Rocamora, A., Maravé-Vivas, M., & Chiva-Bartoll, Ò. (2024) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v54.99741 · Cited by 7
Peningkatan Efektivitas Pembelajaran Kelas Studio Online Dengan Metode Studiogogi Modul S.O.L.E
Azhar, H. (2021) · Cakrawala Jurnal Pendidikan · doi:10.24905/cakrawala.v15i2.282 · Cited by 4
Vitamins for Psychological Growth
Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0016 · Cited by 4
Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0056 · Cited by 4
The Unconscious Sources of Motivation and Goals
Bargh, J. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0030 · Cited by 5
Cognitions and Emotions Energize and Sustain Motivation
Schunk, D. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0037 · Cited by 6
Ada, E. N., Serin, A. H., Pehlivan, Z., Çepikkurt, F., Ahmad, H., & Kazak, Z. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211059175 · Cited by 3
“Some researchers (e.g., Cox et al., 2008; Digelidis et al., 2003; Lonsdale et al., 2013; Rokka et al., 2019; Vira & Raudsepp, 2002) explained that the perceived learning climate was related to positive outputs in PE lessons.”
BackgroundA Control-Value Approach to Affective Growth
Pekrun, R. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0055 · Cited by 4
Linnenbrink‐Garcia, L. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0065 · Cited by 3
Pupil Voices: Review of Factors Influencing Pupil Participation in Primary School Physical Activity
Martin, R. (2024) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000260 · Cited by 6
dos Santos, G. C., Silva, T. M. D. S., da Silva, J. M., Barbosa, R. D. O., Kennedy, S. G., Lubans, D. R., & Neto, A. S. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-04922-9 · Cited by 7
“Time and treatment were included as fixed factors, with school class included as a random effect [43].”
MethodSelf-citationMotivation Is the Interaction Between Dispositions and Context
Stipek, D. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0005 · Cited by 4
Locke, E. A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0003 · Cited by 8
Marsh, H. W., & Basarkod, G. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0017 · Cited by 4
Nagengast, B., & Trautwein, U. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0068 · Cited by 4
Harnessing Biopsychology and Mobile Technology to Develop Motivation Science in the Next Decade
Martin, A. J., Burns, E. C., Kennett, R., & Pearson, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0071 · Cited by 4
Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0021 · Cited by 4
Assessing Motivation Dynamically
Schunk, D. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0074 · Cited by 4
Most Motivation Research in Education Is Not Yet Useful for Teachers
Patrick, H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0064 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Lonsdale, C., Rosenkranz, R. R., Sanders, T., Peralta, L. R., Bennie, A., Jackson, B., Taylor, I. M., & Lubans, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Western Sydney University (AU)
- Kansas State University (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Lonsdale, Chris
- ORCID
- Venue
- Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 696-702
- ISSN
- 0091-7435 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4246195433
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 9.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dspace.lboro.ac.uk
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Education › Physical Education and Pedagogy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, physical education, adolescent motivation, self-determination theory, student choice, freedom of choice, autonomy, sedentary behavior, teacher support, psychological need satisfaction
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