Physical activity and academic achievement across the curriculum: Results from a 3-year cluster-randomized trial

Donnelly, Joseph E.; Hillman, Charles H.; Greene, Jerry L.; Hansen, David M.; Gibson, Cheryl A.; Sullivan, Debra K.; Poggio, John; Mayo, Matthew S.; Lambourne, Kate; Szabo-Reed, Amanda N.; Herrmann, Stephen D.; Honas, Jeffery J.; Scudder, Mark R.; Betts, Jessica L.; Henley, Katherine; Hunt, Suzanne L.; Washburn, Richard A.

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.02.006

Cited by 135Physical Activity and HealthPhysical Education and PedagogySchool Health and Nursing Education

Physical activity and academic achievement across the curriculum: Results from a 3-year cluster-randomized trial

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Donnelly, Joseph E., Hillman, Charles H., Greene, Jerry L., Hansen, David M., Gibson, Cheryl A., Sullivan, Debra K., Poggio, John, Mayo, Matthew S. +9 more·2017·Preventive Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.02.006PMC PMC6148354

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Abstract

We compared changes in academic achievement across 3 years between children in elementary schools receiving the Academic Achievement and Physical Activity Across the Curriculum intervention (A+PAAC), in which classroom teachers were trained to deliver academic lessons using moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) compared to a non-intervention control. Elementary schools in eastern Kansas (n=17) were cluster randomized to A+PAAC (N=9, target ≥ 100 min/wk.) or control (N=8). Academic achievement (math, reading, spelling) was assessed using the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Third Edition (WIAT-III) in a sample of children (A+PAAC = 316, Control = 268) in grades 2 and 3 at baseline (Fall 2011) and repeated each spring across 3 years. On average 55 min/wk. of A+PACC lessons were delivered each week across the intervention. Baseline WIAT-III scores (math, reading, spelling) were significantly higher in students in A+PAAC compared with control schools and improved in both groups across 3 years. However, linear mixed modeling, accounting for baseline between group differences in WIAT-III scores, ethnicity, family income, and cardiovascular fitness, found no significant impact of A+PAAC on any of the academic achievement outcomes as determined by non-significant group by time interactions. A+PAAC neither diminished or improved academic achievement across 3-years in elementary school children compared with controls. Our target of 100 min./wk. of active lessons was not achieved; however, students attending A+PAAC schools received an additional 55 min./wk. of MVPA which may be associated with both physical and mental health benefits, without a reduction in time devoted to academic instruction.

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Donnelly et al. [43] found no significant (p > 0.5) intervention effects on mathematics, reading, and spelling performance.
“Likewise, a study conducted by Donnelly et al. [43] compared academic performance across a group receiving a moderate to vigorous PA intervention and a group that followed the regular curriculum and found no significant (p > 0.5) intervention effects on mathematics, reading, and spelling performance.”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
The Results (Primary Outcome—Academic Achievement, Table 3; page unavailable) report no significant intervention effect on mathematics, reading comprehension fluency, or spelling, supporting the main finding. The passages do not establish the claimed p > 0.5 threshold; the Methods specify a 5% significance level, which is p < 0.05. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Most studies investigating the effects of school-based PA interventions on academic performance are implemented among primary school children.
“Most studies investigating the effects of school-based PA interventions on academic performance are implemented among primary school children [7, 8, 10, 11].”
From Effects of a school-based physical activity intervention on academic performance in 14-year old adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial – the School in Motion study (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
The Abstract describes this trial as an intervention in elementary schools, and the Discussion identifies several other studies of physically active lessons and academic achievement in elementary school children. The paper does not establish that primary-school studies make up most school-based physical-activity intervention studies across all age groups. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Of the eight studies that analysed effects on academic performance, four used grades in academic subjects, three used standardised test results, one measured mastery of the basic facts test, and one analysed mathematics and reading performance with the speed test arithmetic and the 1 min test.
“Of the eight studies that analysed the effects on academic performance, four used grades in academic subjects [40,48,49,50]; meanwhile, three studies utilised standardised test results [43,49,55], one took measurements of the student’s mastery of the basic facts test [47], and one analysed mathematics and reading performance with the speed test arithmetic and the 1 min test [45].”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
Donnelly et al. [43] reported improvements for both groups across all three academic performance indicators.
“However, improvements were reported for both groups across all three academic performance indicators.”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
In ScIM, both interventions included additional PE, which LCoMotion, The Active Smarter Kids and Academic Achievement and Physical Activity Across the Curriculum study did not.
“In ScIM, both interventions included additional PE, which LCoMotion, The Active Smarter Kids and Academic Achievement and Physical Activity Across the Curriculum study did not.”
From Effects of a school-based physical activity intervention on academic performance in 14-year old adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial – the School in Motion study (2021) · cites this paper as [10]

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Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (A+PAAC)
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The Influence of Classroom Physical Activity Participation and Time on Task on Academic Achievement
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Improving Academic Performance of School-Age Children by Physical Activity in the Classroom: 1-Year Program Evaluation
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Authors: Donnelly, J. E., Hillman, C. H., Greene, J. L., Hansen, D. M., Gibson, C. A., Sullivan, D. K., Poggio, J., Mayo, M. S., Lambourne, K., Szabo-Reed, A. N., Herrmann, S. D., Honas, J. J., Scudder, M. R., Betts, J. L., Henley, K., Hunt, S. L., & Washburn, R. A.
Affiliations: University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
Northeastern University (US)
University of Kansas (US)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Corresponding author: Donnelly, Joseph E.
ORCID: Donnelly, Joseph E.
Hillman, Charles H.
Hansen, David M.
Gibson, Cheryl A.
Sullivan, Debra K.
Poggio, John
Mayo, Matthew S.
Herrmann, Stephen D.
Scudder, Mark R.
Hunt, Suzanne L.
Washburn, Richard A.
Venue: Preventive Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-06
Volume: 99
Pages: 140-145
ISSN: 0091-7435 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.02.006
PMC: PMC6148354
OpenAlex: W2587605749
Semantic Scholar: 892d3027e82c31df12c5495f0207375cb43b43a4
Cited by: 135
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 10.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (R01-DK85317, F32-DK103493)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Pedagogy
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
Keywords: physical activity, academic performance, elementary school students, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, mathematics achievement, reading achievement, spelling, cardiorespiratory fitness, teacher professional development
MeSH terms: Academic Success, Child, Curriculum, Female, Humans, Kansas, Male, Schools, Students, Exercise

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Physical activity and academic achievement across the curriculum: Results from a 3-year cluster-randomized trial

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