Improving Academic Performance of School-Age Children by Physical Activity in the Classroom: 1-Year Program Evaluation
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BACKGROUND: An intervention was designed that combined physical activity with learning activities. It was based upon evidence for positive effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on academic achievement. The aim of this study was to describe the program implementation and effects on academic achievement after 1 year. METHODS: Second‐ and third‐grade classes of 6 elementary schools were included in the study. The intervention group participated in physically active academic lessons and the control group in regular classroom lessons. Implementation measures were obtained and the children were pretested and posttested on mathematics and reading. RESULTS: Teacher observations and self‐reports indicated that the lessons were implemented as planned. Classroom observations showed that children's on‐task behavior during the lessons was above 70%. On the basis of heart rate measures, on average 64% of the lesson time was spent in MVPA. Posttest mathematics and reading scores of third‐grade children who participated in the intervention were significantly higher in comparison with control children. Posttest mathematics scores of second‐grade children in the intervention condition were significantly lower in comparison with control children. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention program was successfully implemented and the lessons contributed to the academic outcomes of third‐grade children.
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Mullender-Wijnsma et al. [45] found no significant difference between the overall academic performance of children receiving active academic lessons and those receiving regular academic lessons (p > 0.05).
“The study conducted by Mullender-Wijnsma et al. [45] found no significant difference between the overall academic performance of children receiving active academic lessons and those receiving regular academic lessons (p > 0.05).”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
Mullender-Wijnsma et al. [45] found active academic lessons had a significant (p < 0.01), negative effect on second-grade mathematics scores compared with regular academic lessons.
“and a significant (p < 0.01), negative effect on mathematics scores compared with those receiving regular academic lessons.”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
Mullender-Wijnsma et al. [45] found third-grade (8-9 years) children receiving active academic lessons scored significantly (p < 0.01) higher than those receiving regular academic lessons for mathematics and reading performance.
“Interestingly, the third-grade (8–9 years) children receiving active academic lessons scored significantly (p < 0.01) higher than those receiving regular academic lessons for mathematics and reading performance.”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
Mullender-Wijnsma et al. [45] found active academic lessons had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on second-grade (7-8 years) students' reading scores.
“In contrast, the active academic lessons had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on second-grade (7–8 years) students’ reading scores”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
Mullender-Wijnsma et al. [45] reported a significant interaction between grade and reading and mathematics performance.
“However, a significant interaction between grade and reading and mathematics performance was reported.”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
Mullender-Wijnsma et al. [45] was the only article to report a negative, significant association between PA and academic performance.
“Interestingly, Mullender-Wijnsma et al. [45] was the only article to report a negative, significant association between PA and academic performance”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
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“Across the 19 interventions, PA was implemented through the following forms of PA; physically active academic lessons [40–46], PA lesson breaks [40,44,46,47], moderate intensity PA [48], moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA [42,43,45,47,49,50], high-intensity PA [48,51], cognitively engaging PA [47,49,51], aerobic exerc…”
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- Authors
- Mullender‐Wijnsma, M. J., Hartman, E., de Greeff, J. W., Bosker, R. J., Doolaard, S., & Visscher, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of School Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-04-15
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 365-371
- ISSN
- 0022-4391 (ISSN-L)
- 1746-1561
- OpenAlex
- W2156773547
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 11.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of School Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- physical activity in the classroom, academic performance, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, elementary school students, second grade, third grade, mathematics achievement, reading achievement, program implementation, on-task behavior, heart rate monitoring, active learning
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Child, Child Behavior, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, School Health Services, Program Evaluation, Exercise
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