Early deprivation and home basal cortisol levels: a study of internationally adopted children
Open accessAbstract
Animal studies reveal that early deprivation impairs regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis, potentially increasing vulnerability to stressors throughout life. To examine early deprivation effects on basal HPA axis activity in humans, basal cortisol levels were examined in 164 internationally adopted children who had experienced varying degrees of preadoption deprivation. Duration of institutional care, age at adoption, and parent ratings of preadoption neglect indexed a latent factor of Deprived Care.Adoption measures of height and weight standardized to World Health Organisation norms indexed a latent factor of Growth Delay that was viewed as another reflection of deprivation. Cortisol samples were collected 3.3–11.6 years postadoption (Md= 7.3 years) at home on 3 days approximately 30 min after wakeup and before bedtime. Both early a.m. levels and the decrease in cortisol across the day were examined. A structural equation model revealed that preadoption Deprived Care predicted Growth Delay at adoption and Growth Delay predicted higher morning cortisol levels and a larger diurnal cortisol decrease.
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Adaptive diurnal HPA-axis functioning has implications for immune functioning, growth, and sleep.
“Adaptive diurnal functioning of the HPA-axis has implications for other physiological processes such as immune functioning (Heim et al., 2002; Watts-English, Fortson, Gibler, Hooper, & De Bellis, 2006), growth (Kertes et al., 2008), sleep (Buckley and Schatzberg, 2005)”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Kertes et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Kertes, D. A., Gunnar, M. R., Madsen, N. J., & Long, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gunnar, Megan R.
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 473-491
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC5863229
- OpenAlex
- W2139401392
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH59848-03S1, R01MH059848, MH66208, K05MH066208, T32MH015755)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- early deprivation, internationally adopted children, basal cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, institutional care, growth delay, neglect, diurnal cortisol rhythm, cortisol awakening response
- MeSH terms
- Adoption, Arousal, Body Height, Body Weight, Child, Child Abuse, Child Behavior Disorders, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Internal-External Control, International Agencies, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Psychological, Personality Assessment, Personality Development, Psychosocial Deprivation, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Statistics as Topic, Likelihood Functions, Orphanages, Emigrants and Immigrants
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