Cited by 489Toxic Organic Pollutants ImpactPharmacogenetics and Drug MetabolismCarcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment

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Ligand binding and activation of the Ah receptor

Denison, Michael S, Pandini, Alessandro, Nagy, Scott R, Baldwin, Enoch P, Bonati, Laura·2002·Chemico-Biological Interactions

DOI 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00063-7

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Abstract

The Ah receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that can be activated by structurally diverse synthetic and naturally-occurring chemicals. Although a significant amount of information is available with respect to the planar aromatic hydrocarbon AhR ligands, the actual spectrum of chemicals that can bind to and activate the AhR is only now being elucidated. In addition, the lack of information regarding the actual three-dimensional structure of the AhR ligand binding domain (LBD) has hindered detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms by which these ligands bind to and active AhR signal transduction. In this review we describe the current state of knowledge with respect to naturally occurring AhR ligands and present and discuss the first theoretical model of the AhR LBD based on crystal structures of homologous PAS family members.

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Background
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Self-citation
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Background
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MethodSelf-citation
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Background
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Self-citation
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Background
Evidence that ligand binding is a key determinant of Ah receptor-mediated transcriptional activity
Murray, I. A., Reen, R. K., Leathery, N., Ramadoss, P., Bonati, L., Gonzalez, F. J., Peters, J. M., & Perdew, G. H. (2005) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2005.07.014 · Cited by 41
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Background
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“AhR was initially studied as a receptor for the exogenous ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p -dioxin (TCDD) [7] and shown to have carcinogenic effects in a variety of organs [8].”
Background
Expression of microRNAs, CYP1A1 and CYP2B1 in the livers and ovaries of female rats treated with DDT and PAHs
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Background
Functional Analysis of the Dioxin Response Elements (DREs) of the Murine CYP1A1 Gene Promoter: Beyond the Core DRE Sequence
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“Numerous studies have shown that some synthetic or natural compounds with different structure are also AhR ligands, indicating a high degree of the structural diversity of AhR ligands [8,9].”
In Utero Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Induces Amphiregulin Gene Expression in the Developing Mouse Ureter
Choi, S. , Miller, M. A., & Harper, P. A. (2006) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl090 · Cited by 38
“Once activated by ligand, the AHR translocates into the nucleus and heterodimerizes with the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (ARNT), generating a complex that binds target genes at dioxin responsive elements, initiating gene transcription (Denison et al., 2002; Swanson, 2002).”
Background
Molecular and developmental effects of exposure to pyrene in the early life-stages of Cyprinodon variegatus
Hendon, L. A., Carlson, E. A., Manning, S., & Brouwer, M. H. (2007) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.09.011 · Cited by 37
“UN CO RR E genes, such as CYP1A1, CYP1A2, or CYP1B1 (Denison et al., 2002; Nebert et al., 2000; Schmidt and Bradfield, 1996), resulting in alterations in gene expression.”
BackgroundInfluential
Induction of cytochrome P450 1a1 by the food flavoring agent, maltol
Anwar‐Mohamed, A., & El‐Kadi, A. O. S. (2007) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2007.01.003 · Cited by 37
Benzo[a]pyrene impedes self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and influences fracture healing
Zhou, Y., Jiang, R., An, L., Wang, H., Cheng, S., Shi, Q., & Weng, Y. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.152 · Cited by 37
Comparative In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of the Selectivity of Indirubin as a Human Ah Receptor Agonist
Faber, S. C., Soshilov, A. A., Giani Tagliabue, S., Bonati, L., & Denison, M. S. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19092692 · Cited by 36
“It is ell established that the h can bind and be activated by a ide range of structurally diverse co pounds and that significant species differences exist in ligand specificity [1,2,36,37].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Regulation of central nervous system autoimmunity by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Quintana, F. J. (2013) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-013-0397-1 · Cited by 36
“noids represent the largest group of naturally occurring dietary AhR ligands [22, 23].”
Relationship between the molecular composition, visible light absorption, and health-related properties of smoldering woodsmoke aerosols
Chan, L. K., Nguyen, K. Q., Karim, N., Yang, Y., Rice, R. H., He, G., Denison, M. S., & Nguyen, T. B. (2020) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-20-539-2020 · Cited by 37
Self-citation
Biological Effects of Hydrocarbon Degradation Intermediates: Is the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Analytical Method Adequate for Risk Assessment?
Bekins, B., Brennan, J. C., Tillitt, D. E., Cozzarelli, I. M., McGuire, J. T., & Martinović‐Weigelt, D. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c02220 · Cited by 36
Induction of Proapoptotic Gene Expression and Recruitment of p53 Herald Ovarian Follicle Loss Caused by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Pru, J. K., Kaneko-Tarui, T., Jurisicova, A., Kashiwagi, A., Selesniemi, K. L., & Tilly, J. L. (2008) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719108327596 · Cited by 36
Characterization of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity (EROD) in oyster Crassostrea brasiliana
Siebert, M. N., Mattos, J. J., Piazza, C. E., Lima, D., Gomes, C. H. A. D. M., de Melo, C. M. R., & Bainy, A. C. D. (2016) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.10.002 · Cited by 36
Ambient particulate matter enhances the pulmonary allergic immune response to house dust mite in a BALB/c mouse model by augmenting Th2- and Th17-immune responses
Castañeda, A. R., Vogel, C. F. A., Bein, K. J., Hughes, H. K., Smiley‐Jewell, S. M., & Pinkerton, K. E. (2018) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13827 · Cited by 36
“PAH exposure can result in AhR activation (Denison et al. 2002; Denison and Nagy 2003).”
Background
Molecular phylogenies and evolutionary behavior of AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) pathway genes in aquatic animals
Zhou, H., Qu, Y., Wu, H., Liao, C., Zheng, J., Diao, X., & Xue, Q. (2009) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.012 · Cited by 37
“In the absence of ligand, AhR is associated with a cytoplasmic protein complex with two molecules of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), one X-associated protein 2 (XAP2) (also referred to as AIP or ARA9), and a 23-kDa co-chaperone protein (p23) (Denison et al., 2002).”
Background
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Estrogen Receptor Ligand Activity of Organic Extracts from Road Dust and Diesel Exhaust Particulates
Misaki, K., Suzuki, M., Nakamura, M., Handa, H., Iida, M., Kato, T., Matsui, S., & Matsuda, T. (2008) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-007-9110-5 · Cited by 35
“Many environmental pollutants or natural substances (dioxins, PAHs, tryptophan derivatives, etc.) bind and activate the AhR as exogeneous or endogeneous ligands (Miller et al. 1999; Ziccardi et al. 2002; Clemons et al. 1998; Machala et al. 2001a, b; Till et al. 1999; Jones et al. 1999; Okamura et al. 2004; Bols et al.…”
Background
AhR-mediated activities of polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) mixtures are predictable by the concept of concentration addition
Larsson, M., Giesy, J. P., & Engwall, M. (2014) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.011 · Cited by 34
“Because of the AhR-activating capacity of many PACs, AhR-based bioassays, like the H4IIE-luc bioassay, can be used in the analysis of PAH-contaminated samples (Denison et al., 2002; Larsson et al., 2014).”
Method
Benzo(a)pyrene affects proliferation with reference to metabolic genes and ROS/HIF-1α/HO-1 signaling in A549 and MCF-7 cancer cells
Gao, M., Zheng, A., Chen, L., Dang, F., Liu, X., & Gao, J. (2020) · Drug and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1080/01480545.2020.1774602 · Cited by 34
“CYP1 family members are known to be involved in the oxidative transformation of PAHs, via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Denison et al. 2002, Nebert and Russell 2002, Tian et al. 2014).”
Background
Role of GAC63 in Transcriptional Activation Mediated by the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
Chen, Y., Beischlag, T. V., Kim, J., Perdew, G. H., & Stallcup, M. R. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m512537200 · Cited by 34
AhR and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathways and Their Interplay
Grishanova, A. Y., Klyushova, L. S., & Perepechaeva, M. L. (2023) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb45050248 · Cited by 35
“The activity of AhR depends on the type of ligands, which are xenobiotics, naturally occurring food compounds, and endogenous molecules [17,60–62].”
Background
Roles of Xenobiotic Receptors in Vascular Pathophysiology
Xiao, L., Zhang, Z., & Luo, X. (2014) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-14-0343 · Cited by 33
The immunomodulatory effect of laquinimod in CNS autoimmunity is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Berg, J., Mahmoudjanlou, Y., Duscha, A., Massa, M. G., Thöne, J., Esser, C., Gold, R., & Haghikia, A. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.06.003 · Cited by 34
Antagonism of TCDD-induced ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation activity by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in primary cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) hepatocytes
Peters, A. K., Sanderson, J. T., Bergman, Å., & van den Berg, M. (2006) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.12.002 · Cited by 33
“The AhR:ARNT complex then binds the dioxin responsive element (DRE) on the DNA, increasing the transcription of various genes, such as the CYP1A1 gene [14,15].”
Background
Luteolin, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand, suppresses tumor metastasis in�vitro and in�vivo
Feng, J., Zheng, T., Hou, Z., Lv, C., Xue, A., Han, T., Han, B., Sun, X., & Wei, Y. (2020) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2020.7781 · Cited by 33
In Silico Analysis of the Interaction of Avian Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors and Dioxins to Decipher Isoform-, Ligand-, and Species-Specific Activations
Hirano, M., Hwang, J., Park, H.-J., Bak, S.-M., Iwata, H., & Kim, E. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es505733f · Cited by 32
Urinary concentration of endocrine-disrupting phthalates and breast cancer risk in Indian women: A case-control study with a focus on mutations in phthalate-responsive genes
Das, A. M., Gogia, A., Garg, M., Elaiyaraja, A., Arambam, P., Mathur, S. R., Babu-Rajendran, R., Deo, S. V. S., Kumar, L., Das, B. C., et al. (2022) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2022.102188 · Cited by 31
LINE-1 and inflammatory gene methylation levels are early biomarkers of metabolic changes: association with adiposity
Carraro, J. C. C., Mansego, M. L., Milagro, F. I., Chaves, L. O., Vidigal, F. D. C., Bressan, J., & Martínez, J. A. (2016) · Biomarkers · doi:10.3109/1354750x.2016.1171904 · Cited by 33
“So, the methylation of the AhR:Arnt-related CpGs might influence the response to the beneficial actions of these compounds (Denison et al., 2002).”
Background
Comparative Temporal Toxicogenomic Analysis of TCDD- and TCDF-Mediated Hepatic Effects in Immature Female C57BL/6 Mice
N′jai, A. U., Boverhof, D. R., Dere, E., Burgoon, L. D., Tan, Y. S., Rowlands, J. C., Budinsky, R. A., Stebbins, K. E., & Zacharewski, T. R. (2008) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn053 · Cited by 30
“Many, if not all of these effects are due to the inappropriate regulation of gene expression mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) (Denison and Heath-Pagliuso, 1998; Denison et al., 2002; Poland and Knutson, 1982; Safe, 2001).”
Background
Role of nuclear receptor PXR in immune cells and inflammatory diseases
Sun, L., Sun, Z., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Jia, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.969399 · Cited by 31
“The main lesions are located in the subendothel ia l space, where the chemokine-driven mononuclear cells recruit and differentiate into macrophages, a prerequisite for atherosclerosis (60).”
Background
Effects of dioxins on animal spermatogenesis: A state-of-the-art review
Faiad, W., Soukkarieh, C., Murphy, D. J., & Hanano, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2022.1009090 · Cited by 33
“The AhR transcription factor has a strong affinity to a range of endogenous and exogenous ligands including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (37, 38).”
Background
Endocrine disruptors targeting ERβ function
Swedenborg, E., Pongratz, I., & Gustafsson, J.-Å. (2009) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01025.x · Cited by 33
Repression of Ah receptor and induction of transforming growth factor-β genes in DEN-induced mouse liver tumors
Peng, L. H., Mayhew, C. N., Schnekenburger, M., Knudsen, E. S., & Puga, A. (2008) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.002 · Cited by 30
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript reported to be AHR ligands (Denison et al., 2002).”
Background
Determination of in vitro relative potency (REP) values for mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls after purification with active charcoal
PETERS, A., Leonards, P. E. G., Zhao, B., Bergman, Å., Denison, M. S., & VANDENBERG, M. (2006) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.04.005 · Cited by 29
“While the AhR can be found in the cytoplasm of almost all vertebrate cells, significant species and tissue differences exist in its concentration and distribution [12-14].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Essential oils of culinary herbs and spices display agonist and antagonist activities at human aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR
Bartoňková, I., & Dvořák, Z. (2017) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.049 · Cited by 29
Phenylthiourea as a weak activator of aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibiting 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced CYP1A1 transcription in zebrafish embryo
Wang, W., Wang, Y., Wen, H., Buhler, D. R., & Hu, C. (2004) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2004.03.010 · Cited by 29
“[14] Denison MS, Pandini A, Nagy SR, Baldwin EP, Bonati L.”
Background
Generation of IL-8 and IL-9 Producing CD4 + T Cells Is Affected by Th17 Polarizing Conditions and AHR Ligands
Gasch, M., Goroll, T., Bauer, M., Hinz, D., Schütze, N., Polte, T., Kesper, D. A., Simon, J. C., Hackermüller, J., Lehmann, I., et al. (2014) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2014/182549 · Cited by 29
Interaction of diuron and related substituted phenylureas with the Ah receptor pathway
Zhao, B., Baston, D. S., Hammock, B. D., & Denison, M. S. (2006) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.20126 · Cited by 28
“Given previously documented species differences in the ability of ligands to bind to and/or activate the AhR and AhR signal transduction pathway [38–40], it is also possible that the observed species-specific differences in diuron efficacy may be related to differences in its ability to bind to and stimulate AhR trans…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Benzo[a]pyrene/aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling inhibits osteoblastic differentiation and collagen synthesis of human periodontal ligament cells
Monnouchi, S., Maeda, H., Yuda, A., Serita, S., Wada, N., Tomokiyo, A., & AKAMINE, A. (2016) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.12355 · Cited by 28
Impact of CH223191-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Its Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonistic and Antagonistic Activities
Mohammadi‐Bardbori, A., Omidi, M., & Arabnezhad, M. (2019) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00371 · Cited by 28
Induction of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
Williams, S. N., Dunham, E. E., & Bradfield, C. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-27447-2_8 · Cited by 28
The AhR‐SRC axis as a therapeutic vulnerability in BRAFi‐resistant melanoma
Paris, A., Tardif, N., Baietti, F. M., Berra, C., Leclair, H. M., Leucci, E., Galibert, M., & Corre, S. (2022) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.202215677 · Cited by 26
Molecular modeling of the AhR structure and interactions can shed light on ligand-dependent activation and transformation mechanisms
Bonati, L., Corrada, D., Giani Tagliabue, S., & Motta, S. (2017) · Current Opinion in Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.cotox.2017.01.011 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Potency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in chicken and Japanese quail embryos
Franci, C. D., Aleksieva, A., Boulanger, E., Brandenburg, J., Johnston, T. K., Malinova, A., & Head, J. A. (2018) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4099 · Cited by 27
“Some PAHsbind to and activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor (Denison et al. 2002).”
Background
Cross-Talk in the Female Rat Mammary Gland: Influence of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor on Estrogen Receptor Signaling
Helle, J., Bader, M. I., Keiler, A. M., Zierau, O., Vollmer, G., Chittur, S. V., Tenniswood, M., & Kretzschmar, G. (2015) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1509680 · Cited by 27
“The best-characterized ligands for the AHR are planar hydrophobic molecules, including many environmental contaminants such as halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (reviewed by Denison et al. 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Characterization of the region of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor required for ligand dependency of transactivation using chimeric receptor between Drosophila and Mus musculus
Kudo, K., Takeuchi, T., Murakami, Y., Ebina, M., & Kikuchi, H. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms · doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2009.06.003 · Cited by 25
“PAS domains, which generally consist of two repeated motifs (PAS-A and PAS-B), are important for ligand binding [14].”
Background
The Role of Endocrine Disruption Chemical-Regulated Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activity in the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer
Kim, K. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25073818 · Cited by 28
Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis and functional characterization of the human Ah receptor (AhR) gene promoter
Racky, J., Schmitz, H., Kauffmann, H.-M., & Schrenk, D. (2003) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2003.10.005 · Cited by 26
Influence of dioxin intoxication on the human system and possibilities of limiting its negative effects on the environment and living organisms
Całkosiński, I., Rosińćzuk, J., Bazan, J., Dobrzyński, M., Bronowicka-Szydełko, A., & Dzierzba, K. (2014) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.5604/12321966.1120594 · Cited by 27
“Dioxins are transported from the external environment to the adipose tissue or liver through the plasma lipids, and TCDD binds to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in cytosol of hepatocytes [33–36].”
Background
Transcriptional and posttranslational inhibition of dioxin-mediated induction of CYP1A1 by harmine and harmol
Gendy, M. A. M. E., Soshilov, A. A., Denison, M. S., & El‐Kadi, A. O. S. (2011) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.030 · Cited by 26
“The ability of harmine or harmol to affect the transformation and DNA binding of TCDD-activated AhR was tested using a synthetic pair of post-labeled oligonucleotides for XRE binding site as described previously (Denison et al., 2002).”
MethodSelf-citation
Sustainability, Security and Safety in the Feed-to-Fish Chain: Focus on Toxic Contamination
Mantovani, A. (2015) · International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.ijnfs.s.2015040202.12 · Cited by 25
“Previous data indicated that feed ingredients of fish origin produced in Europe contained higher levels of PCDDs/Fs and DL-PCBs than those of South Pacific origin and that the contribution of such ingredients to the total body burden of farmed fish was markedly higher for carnivorous species (where it could reach 98%)…”
Background
Mechanism-based common reactivity pattern (COREPA) modelling of aryl hydrocarbon receptor binding affinity
Petkov, P. I., Rowlands, J. C., Budinsky, R. A., Zhao, B., Denison, M. S., & Mekenyan, O. G. (2010) · SAR and QSAR in environmental research · doi:10.1080/10629360903570933 · Cited by 26
“Not only have numerous flavonoids been identified as AhR antagonists [14], but the AhR has been shown to bind and be activated and/or inhibited by structurally diverse natural and synthetic chemicals [8,15,16].”
BackgroundSelf-citation

Authors: Denison, M. S., Pandini, A., Nagy, S. R., Baldwin, E. P., & Bonati, L.
Affiliations: University of California, Davis (US)
University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
Corresponding author: Denison, Michael S
ORCID: Denison, Michael S
Pandini, Alessandro
Baldwin, Enoch P
Bonati, Laura
Venue: Chemico-Biological Interactions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 141
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 3-24
ISSN: 0009-2797 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00063-7
OpenAlex: W1985754063
Cited by: 485
References: 153
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 15.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Chemico-Biological Interactions (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01es007072-04)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES07059, ES 07685, R01ES007685, ES-07072, ES5707, T32ES007059)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Keywords: aryl hydrocarbon receptor, ligand binding, receptor activation, ligand-binding domain, aromatic hydrocarbons, crystal structure, signal transduction, transcription factors
MeSH terms: Animals, Binding Sites, Humans, Ligands, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Signal Transduction, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon

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Ligand binding and activation of the Ah receptor

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